地面沉降对含水层参数及给水能力的影响研究

地面沉降主要由深层地下水开采造成,含水层的压缩释水是深层地下水开采量主要构成来源,同时随其压缩变形孔隙比减小造成储水系数、渗透系数的减小,对弱透水层非弹性释水量、越流补给量造成影响。地面沉降过程中的水文地质参数非线性变化及对承压含水层系统的反馈作用也成为水文地质领域的前沿问题。为对地下水开采量、沉降量、地质参数变化以及给水能力变化之间的关系做一个较为定量定性的探究,以含水层压缩过程中的物理机制为依据,并基于沧州地区深层承压含水层的地下水位变化过程和水文地质参数,采用数学手段构建储水系数和渗透系数变化的一维非线性沉降模型。模拟结果显示随承压水头下降,储水系数最高可减小77%,含水层系统的给水能力和储水能力会随压缩变形减小50%甚至更多。研究成果为深入认识水文地质参数与应力变化相关关系、科学评价承压含水层地下水储水调节能力有重要借鉴意义。     

水平分层胶结充填体损伤本构模型及强度准则

以矿山分层充填为背景,针对水平分层充填体,提出了初始分层损伤、荷载损伤与总损伤的概念;利用损伤力学理论,考虑分层效应,建立了充填体损伤演化及本构模型;基于全微分方法构建了考虑分层效应的充填体强度准则。开展了不同分层充填体力学特性试验。研究结果表明：所建立的分层充填体损伤本构模型及强度准则理论曲线与试验曲线高度吻合,验证了模型的正确性;初始分层损伤随分层数增多,呈现 的二次多项式递增,分层效应与荷载耦合作用劣化了充填体总损伤;充填体总损伤率呈先增大后减小趋势。在峰值之前,分层数越多,则总损伤率越大;而峰值之后,分层数越多,则总损伤率越小,且总损伤率最大值随分层数增多而增大。     

滤管两端均不在含水层层面的承压不完整井近似计算方法研究

不完整井在实际工程中应用广泛,且存在某些承压不完整井,其滤管顶、底均不在含水层层面,不能直接按常规的方法进行计算。可根据流线图中的水平流线对渗流场分层后进行简化计算,但分层位置的确定非常困难。因此,提出了简便可行的渗流场分层方法,包括假设上下部渗流场渗径相等的等渗径改进方法、假设上下部渗流场中井滤管长度与其含水层厚度比值相等的等比例改进方法和以等比例方法为基础的等效阻力法,并以此为基础对计算简便、精度较高的沙金煊公式进行完善,得到了适用于滤管顶、底均不在含水层层面的承压不完整井近似计算方法。经过算例验证和与有限元比较,该方法计算精度较高,实用性较强。     

砾钢渣抗液化特性试验研究

陈化的钢渣作为土工回填材料是废弃钢渣循环利用的主要途径之一。按土的工程分类方法,将废弃钢渣划分为砾钢渣、粗钢渣和细钢渣。针对砾钢渣,考虑固结应力比、振动频率、围压和含砾量等影响因素开展动三轴试验研究。分析了砾钢渣的应力、应变和动孔隙水压力的特性,分析了砾钢渣试样的动强度与振动次数、动应变与振动次数、孔隙水压力与振动次数和动应力与动应变关系。采用Seed和Finn提出的饱和砂土动孔压计算模型分析砾钢渣的动孔压曲线类型,并与传统砂砾土的抗液化强度进行比较。得出砾钢渣的抗液化特性较好,工程中可以用砾钢渣替代传统的砂土、砂砾土、砂砾料和砂卵石作为回填料,解决砂砾资源日渐短缺的问题。     

浙江省龙游县北部土壤中植物营养元素动态变化研究

土壤中植物营养元素含量及其平衡状况对作物生长有重要影响。识别判断土壤中营养元素的时空变化趋势是土地质量地球化学监测的重要任务。利用浙江省龙游县北部地区2008年与2014年两期区域土壤地球化学调查数据,在对分析测试系统误差进行校正之后,采用统计分析与空间分析的方法,研究土壤中重要营养元素含量与空间分布的变化特征。结果表明,整体上大量营养元素N、K2O的含量有所降低,其净相对累积率分别为-4.40%和-13.81%;营养元素B和P的含量变化幅度很小;土壤中植物营养元素累积变化受土壤类型和土地利用类型的影响,不同土壤类型和土地利用现状下,营养元素相对累积率存在差异。如水田土壤N呈明显的富集趋势,林地、菜地、旱地等土地利用方式下土壤N呈贫化趋势;菜地、园地、旱地土壤P具有较明显的富集趋势,而水田土壤P呈贫化趋势。     

A Quantitative Evaluation of Shale Gas Content in Different Occurrence States of the Longmaxi Formation: A New Insight from Well JY-A in the Fuling Shale Gas Field,Sichuan Basin

Comprehensive quantitative evaluation of shale gas content and the controlling factors in different occurrence states is of great significance for accurately assessing gas-bearing capacity and providing effective well-production strategies. A total of 122 core samples from well JY-A in the Fuling shale gas field were studied to reveal the characteristics of S_1 l shale,15 of which were selected to further predict the shale gas content in different occurrence states, which are dependent on geological factors in the thermal evolution process. Geological parameters were researched by a number of laboratory programs, and the factors influential in controlling shale gas content were extracted by both PCA and GRA methods and prediction models were confirmed by the BE method using SPSS software. Results reveal that the adsorbed gas content is mainly controlled by TOC, Ro, SSA, PD and pyrite content, and the free gas content is mainly controlled by S_2, quartz content, gas saturation and formation pressure for S_1 l in well JY-A. Three methods, including the on-site gas desorption method, the empirical formula method, and the multiple regression analysis method were used in combination to evaluate the shale gas capacity of well JY-A, all of which show that the overall shale gas content of well JY-A is in the range of 2.0–5.0 m~3/t and that the free gas ratio is about 50%, lower than that of well JY-1. Cause analysis further confirms the tectonics and preservation conditions of S_1 l in the geological processes, especially the influence of eastern boundary faults on well JY-A, as the fundamental reasons for the differences in shale gas enrichment in the Jiaoshiba area.     

Applications of Light Stable Isotopes(C,O, H) in the Study of Sandstone Diagenesis: A Review

This article reviews the applications of light stable isotope, including carbon, oxygen and hydrogen, in thestudies on origin and formation temperature of authigenic carbonate, quartz and clay minerals. Theoretical knowledge andanalytical methods for major light stable isotopes are introduced in detail. Negative and positive δ¹³C values indicatesignificant differences on the origin of carbonate cements. The δ¹⁸O value is an effective palaeotemperature scale forauthigenic minerals formation. Various fractionation equations between δ¹⁸O and temperature are proposed for carbonatecements, quartz cements and clay minerals, whose merit and demerit, applicable conditions are clarified clearly. Clumpedisotope analysis can reconstruct the temperature of carbonate precipitation with no requirement on the δ¹⁸O of initial waters,which makes temperature calculation of carbonate cements formation more convenient and accurate. Hydrogen and oxygenisotopes mainly reflect the origin of diagenetic fluid for clay mineral formation, providing reliable evidence for diageneticenvironment analysis. This work aims at helping researchers for better understanding the applications of light stable isotopein sandstone diagenesis.     

江苏丹阳千年“沸井”的地质成因与形成机理

通过采用无机和有机化学分析、可控源音频大地电磁测深、高密度电阻率和氡气测量等地质地球化学和地球物理方法,对江苏丹阳九里村六口相距30～200 cm不等的"沸腾"了2000多年的古井及其周围地质环境进行了详细勘查,研究发现:①"沸井"沸腾的气体主要为CO_2,此外,还有微量氡气和总挥发性有机物(TVOC),这些气体组分在临近的非"沸井"的民用水井中均未检出。②"沸井"水样中游离二氧化碳、钙、铁、锰、总溶解固体、总硬度、重碳酸根、稀土元素等含量均明显高于"沸井"周围其他民用水井和湖水。③"沸井"井水温度(夏天约19℃)与周围其他民用水井基本一致,未见异常情况。④"沸井"地下深部存在玄武岩岩体和茅东断裂的次级断裂,在这些断裂地表出露处氡气含量明显高于其他地方。⑤"沸井"的存在与茅东活动断裂有着密切的联系,"沸井"中沸腾的气体主要来源于地壳深部或上地幔,气体沿断裂带上升而逸出地表。⑥六口"沸井"井水味道各不相同,系因各"沸井"井水中游离二氧化碳、钙、铁、锰等含量及pH值不一所致。"沸井"井水"三清三浊",主要与井水中铁含量高低有关,三口铁含量高的井水因暴露于空气中氧化为三价铁沉淀,是井水浑浊的主要原因。