广汉机场低能见度中的"回马枪"现象

对广汉机场低能见度中的"回马枪"现象进行统计分析,得出了"回马枪"现象的有利天气形势和气象要素.从能见度变化的一般规律中寻找其变化的特殊性,提高了气象能见度预报的准确性,增强了航空飞行气象保障的能力.     

雷暴天气过程中降水结构与闪电活动特征个例研究

为深入分析四川雷暴天气过程中降水和闪电活动特征,运用统计与对比方法,对四川东南部一次雷暴过程中闪电活动及降水结构之间的特征进行研究。结果表明,强降水易发生在低层辐合,高层辐散的流场中,局部地区最大降水强度发生在2~5km高度。降水开始1h后,地闪频数达到最高,地闪主要以负地闪为主,正地闪不活跃。对闪电活动与亮温分布关系知,闪电活动主要发生在低于220K降水云内,闪电活动发生的区域与降水落区一致。对总闪与地闪的分布知,负地闪主要分布在总闪的外围。通过对四川雷暴过程的研究,对雷暴预报有一定的指导意义。     

Studies of Nitrous Oxide Emission from Farmlands in North China

Measurements of nitrous oxide emission from agricultural lands were conducted. The results show that nitrous oxide fluxes on several soils are at the range of 2-60 μg . N / m2 h. Factors influencing the production rates of nitrous oxide from the soils, such as soil temperature, soil moisture and fertilization, are discussed. The calculated amount of nitrous oxide emission from China farmlands is 9.8 × 107 Kg . N per year, which accounts for about 10% of the total source strength in China areas.     

2014年7月14日新乡强对流过程成因分析

利用常规和区域自动站观测资料、卫星和多普勒雷达监测产品及NCEP再分析资料,对2014年7月14日新乡强对流过程进行了综合分析。结果表明：高空东移冷槽与低层暖脊叠加使新乡上空形成明显的不稳定层结,而中低层暖湿空气在午后表现出明显的北抬和向高空扩展的趋势,使大气对流不稳定度进一步加强,有利于雷暴大风和冰雹强对流天气的出现;同时,强对流天气发生前0—6 km垂直风切变达到中等偏强程度,有利于对流系统的形成和维持。地面中尺度辐合线起对流触发作用,辐合线尾部前侧的对流云团发展更强更快。云团合并导致对流云团迅猛加强,对流单体合并有利于对流回波的暴发性发展及回波顶快速抬升。过程中雷暴外流边界也是强对流的重要触发机制,太行山脉东侧的雷暴外流边界受地形抬升作用,触发大范围分散的对流单体,导致了局地短时强降水天气。风灾主要是由多单体风暴中的下击暴流和雷暴外流边界造成的,下击暴流造成的大风比由雷暴外流边界导致的大风更强。此外,强回波中心强度增强、质心高度迅速升高,回波顶高和VIL值跃增等对强对流过程中局地冰雹预报有较好的指示意义。     

The Characteristics of Atmospheric Ice Nuclei Measured at Different Altitudes in the Huangshan Mountains in Southeast China简

The concentration of ice nuclei （IN） and the relationship with aerosol particles were measured and analyzed using three 5-L mixing cloud chambers and a static diffusion cloud chamber at three altitudes in the Huangshan Mountains in Southeast China from May to September 2011.The results showed that the mean total number concentration of IN on the highest peak of the Huangshan Mountains at an activation temperature （Ta） of-20℃C was 16.6 L-1.When the supersaturation with respect to water （Sw） and with respect to ice （Si） were set to 5％,the average number concentrations of IN measured at an activation temperature of-20℃C by the static diffusion cloud chamber were 0.89 and 0.105 L-1,respectively.A comparison of the concentrations of IN at three different altitudes showed that the concentration of IN at the foot of the mountains was higher than at the peak.A further calculation of the correlation between IN and the concentrations of aerosol particles of different size ranges showed that the IN concentration was well correlated with the concentration of aerosol particles in the size range of 1.2-20 μtm.It was also found that the IN concentration varied with meteorological conditions,such as wind speed,with higher IN concentrations often observed on days with strong wind.An analysis of the backward trajectories of air masses showed that low IN concentrations were often related to air masses travelling along southwest pathways,while higher IN concentrations were usually related to those transported along northeast pathways.     

X波段双线偏振雷达冰雹识别初步研究

利用北京市人工影响天气办公室X波段双线偏振雷达2009年4—10月观测的不同降雨类型的资料,统计出下雨天ZH—ZDR的分布特征,给出了ZH-ZDR分布的分段函数表达式,在此基础上定义了X波段双线偏振雷达冰雹识别参量HDR,HDR〉0表示有冰雹,HDR〈0表示无冰雹,并指出电磁波的衰减会影响H_DR识别冰雹的结果。根据实际降雹情况和识别效果对比,结果表明HDR大于零的区域与地面降雹情况基本对应一致。     

PRIMARY STUDY OF SULFATE AND CARBONACEOUS AEROSOLS IN BEIJING

Results of our aerosol study, performed during 1983-1984 in Beijing, demonstrate that ambient carbonaceous aerosols are derived mainly from coal combustion. Different SO, oxidation processes have been observed in summer and winter. The winter sulfate appears to be produced locally and associated with products of incomplete combustion.     

飞机积冰过程的诊断分析及强度预报建模

利用NCEP再分析数据和观测数据,对2000年6月6日甘肃省人工增雨作业时的一次飞机积冰过程进行诊断分析,利用WRF模式对72个飞机积冰实例的天气过程进行了数值模拟,在此基础上结合飞机飞行速度建立了积冰强度预报模型,通过统计分析和拟合得到预报模型的参数,并利用飞机实测报告对该模型的预报效果进行了回报检验。结果表明,该模型对飞机积冰强度的预报准确率为69.44%,强度预报结果偏弱占比25%,偏强占比5.56%。     

近50a察右中旗干旱变化主要特征分析

文章利用察右中旗1961-2010年4-9月降水量资料和1980-2010年土壤水分资料,根据农业气候学中的降水量、土壤水分、降水量距平百分率干旱指标,计算分析了察右中旗近50a来干旱特征。     

Compositions and source apportionments of atmospheric aerosol during Asian dust storm and local pollution in central Taiwan

A study has been carried out on water soluble ions, trace elements, as well as PM_2.5 and PM_2.5–10 elemental and organic carbon samples collected daily from Central Taiwan over a one year period in 2005. A source apportionment study was performed, employing a Gaussian trajectory transfer coefficient model (GTx) to the results from 141 sets of PM_2.5 and PM_2.5–10 samples. Two different types of PM₁₀ episodes, local pollution (LOP) and Asian dust storm (ADS) were observed in this study. The results revealed that relative high concentrations of secondary aerosols (NO₃⁻, SO₄²⁻ and NH₄⁺) and the elements Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb and As were observed in PM_2.5 during LOP periods. However, sea salt species (Na⁺ and Cl⁻) and crustal elements (e.g., Al, Fe, Mg, K, Ca and Ti) of PM_2.5–10 showed a sharp increase during ADS periods. Anthropogenic source metals, Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb and As, as well as coarse nitrate also increased with ADS episodes. Moreover, reconstruction of aerosol compositions revealed that soil of PM_2.5–10 elevated approximately 12–14% in ADS periods than LOP and Clear periods. A significantly high ratio of non-sea salt sulfate to elemental carbon (NSS-SO₄²⁻/EC) of PM_2.5–10 during ADS periods was associated with higher concentrations of non-sea-salt sulfates from the industrial regions of China. Source apportionment analysis showed that 39% of PM₁₀, 25% of PM_2.5, 50% of PM_2.5–10, 42% of sulfate and 30% of nitrate were attributable to the long range transport during ADS periods, respectively.