旋转大气中运动的多时态特征和时间边界层

一、引言 众所周知,旋转大气中的运动,存在两个在时间尺度和动力学特征上都有明显差别的过程,即适应过程和发展过程。最近,叶笃正、李麦村等进一步指出:在发展过程中,大气运动还具有迅速变化和缓慢变化的两个阶段,对于这种发展过程中的双时态特征,巢纪平从物理上作了进一步的解释。因此,联合适应过程与发展过程,运动至少存在三个时态,事实上,这种多时态特征是旋转流体中运动的一种固有现象,在本文中,我们将对此作进一步的分析与讨论。     

Carbonate deposits on submerged seamounts in the northwestern Pacific Ocean

Abstract   The lithology of shallow-water carbonates collected from 19 sites on 16 seamounts in six areas of the northwestern Pacific Ocean using the Deep-sea Boring Machine System are described. The areas include the Amami Plateau, Daito Ridge, Oki-Daito Ridge, Urdaneta Plateau, Kyushu-Palau Ridge and Ogasawara Plateau. Chronological constraint is provided by calcareous nannofossil biostratigraphy, planktonic foraminiferal biostratigraphy, larger foraminiferal biostratigraphy and strontium (Sr) isotope stratigraphy. Large amounts of shallow-water carbonates accumulated on the seamounts during the Oligocene, a relatively cool period, whereas limited carbonate deposits formed during the Early Miocene, a relatively warm period. This might indicate that deposition of shallow-water carbonates on seamounts in the northwestern Pacific Ocean was not necessarily controlled by climatic conditions, but was related to volcanism and tectonics that served as foundations for reef/carbonate-platform formation. Remarkable differences in biotic composition exist between Cretaceous and Cenozoic shallow-water carbonates. Late Cretaceous shallow-water carbonates are distinguished by the occurrence of rudists, solenoporacean algae and microencrusters. Middle Eocene to Early Oligocene shallow-water carbonates are dominated by Halimeda or nummulitid and discocyclinid larger foraminifers. Scleractinian corals became common from the Oligocene onward. Nongeniculate coralline algae and larger foraminifers were common to abundant throughout the Eocene to the Pleistocene. The replacement of major carbonate producers in the shallow-water carbonate factory during post-Cretaceous time is in accordance with previous studies and is considered to reflect a shift in seawater chemistry.     

Maximum extent of the Eurasian ice sheets in the Barents and Kara Sea region during the Weichselian

Based on field investigations in northern Russia and interpretation of offshore seismic data, we have made a preliminary reconstruction of the maximum ice-sheet extent in the Barents and Kara Sea region during the Early/Middle Weichselian and the Late Weichselian. Our investigations indicate that the Barents and Kara ice sheets attained their maximum Weichselian positions in northern Russia prior to 50 000 yr BP, whereas the northeastern flank of the Scandinavian Ice Sheet advanced to a maximum position shortly after 17 000 calendar years ago. During the Late Weichselian (25 000-10 000 yr BP), much of the Russian Arctic remained ice-free. According to our reconstruction, the extent of the ice sheets in the Barents and Kara Sea region during the Late Weichselian glacial maximum was less than half that of the maximum model which, up to now, has been widely used as a boundary condition for testing and refining General Circulation Models (GCMs). Preliminary numerical-modelling experiments predict Late Weichselian ice sheets which are larger than the ice extent implied for the Kara Sea region from dated geological evidence, suggesting very low precipitation.     

鲁中东-苏西北Au- Fe金刚石成矿带特征及资源潜力

随着找矿的深入,在鲁中东-苏西北地区新发现了一批大中型金、铁和金刚石矿床,该区已成为我国重要的矿产资源基地。本文在新的研究成果和认识基础上,通过综合分析,在该地区划分新的重要成矿部署区带,厘定边界并命名为"鲁中东-苏西北Au-Fe金刚石成矿带",初步建立了该成矿带成矿谱系,结果显示成矿带内存在太古宙、元古宙、古生代、中生代以及新生代等5期成矿。区内矿产以金、铁以及金刚石为主,金矿床类型主要有石英脉型、破碎蚀变岩型,铁矿类型主要有沉积变质型和矽卡岩型,金刚石矿主要为岩浆型。结合研究区找矿最新进展和全国矿产资源潜力评价最新成果,认为本区Au、Fe、金刚石资源潜力巨大。在此基础上划分了6处远景区,为进一步实现找矿突破及地质找矿战略部署提供了科学依据。     

Examination of loose saturated sands impacted by a heavy tamper

This article examines the densification effects on the loose saturated sands impacted by a heavy steel tamper dropped from a great height (i.e., deep dynamic compaction, DDC). This examination was achieved by carrying out a series of piezocone penetration test (CPTu) soundings before and after the DDC impact. The depths at which densification took place ranged from 6.5 to 9.5 m below the ground surface (BGS) after one pass of DDC, and from 7.5 to 11.0 m BGS after two passes. The propagation of the surface waves generated in DDC disturbed the top 0.3–1.3 m soils. Directly below this disturbed layer, it was the most densified soil layer at the depths of 1.7–4.5 m BGS. The existence of the residual soft peat pockets reduced the densification effects substantially. Both the strength and the stiffness of the loose saturated sands were significantly improved after the DDC treatment. After two passes of impact, the liquefiable soils were densified to the level of unliquefiable along with dramatic reduction in liquefaction probabilities when subjected to earthquake motions.     

基于HJ-1A/1B的2014年黄海海域浒苔灾害时空分布

自2007年以来, 黄海海域每年的5月初～8月中下旬浒苔(Ulva prolifera)会周期性地暴发与消亡,导致海洋生态环境被破坏以及经济损失。利用2014 年的HJ-1A/1B遥感影像, 利用神经网络监督分类及RULE规则影像重分类动态阈值法, 对2014年的浒苔的漂移路径、各时期影响的海域面积、分布面积以及暴发高峰期的最大面积进行了动态监测。结果表明, 2014年浒苔持续时间为101 d, 5月中旬开始在江苏省盐城市近海出现零星斑点, 分布面积为2.299 km², 影响面积为1 744.799 km²; 6月初到6月中旬浒苔广泛分布于黄海海域, 分布面积扩大至1 367.145 km², 达到当年的峰值; 从6月下旬开始, 浒苔进入衰退期, 浒苔分布面积、相对聚集密度均急剧缩小, 但影响面积的峰值出现在该时期; 8月初消亡于青岛附近海岸, 8月20日遥感影像已难以监测到浒苔的存在。2014年黄海海域浒苔经过了“出现—发展—暴发—衰退—消亡”5个发展阶段。     

重金属Cu、Pb对泥鳅(Misgurnus anguillicaudatus)卵细胞凋亡及DNA损伤的SCGE试验

采用室内暴露试验方法,以单细胞凝胶电泳技术(SCGE)检测,研究了Cu、Pb不同浓度梯度与不同暴露时间联合染毒对泥鳅卵细胞DNA的损伤.结果表明,各Cu、Pb浓度组DNA平均迁移长度增加,与阴性对照组比较差异有显著性(P＜0.05).此外,随着Cu、Pb染毒剂量的增加,各试验组DNA的平均迁移长度逐渐增加,在试验浓度梯度范围内(Cu 0.01mg/L+Pb 0.05mg/L、Cu 0.10mg/L+Pb 0.50mg/L、Cu 0.25mg/L+Pb 0.75mg/L),存在较为显著的剂量-效应关系(P＜0.05),但未见明显的时间-效应关系(P＞0.05).Cu、Pb可引起泥鳅卵细胞凋亡和DNA损伤,卵细胞的不同损伤水平可望作为较为理想的水环境基因毒性指标.     

缢蛏天然抗性相关巨噬蛋白2(Sc-Nramp2)基因克隆及其在副溶血弧菌刺激下的表达分析

克隆得到缢蛏天然抗性相关巨噬蛋白2（Sc-Nramp2）基因的cDNA全长序列3 681 bp,该基因的开放阅读框有1 776 bp,编码591个氨基酸,预测分子量为65.86 kDa;其结构具有Slc11蛋白家族的典型特征,包括有10个典型的跨膜结构和2个糖基化位点。Sc-Nramp2基因3'-UTR有2个类似于脊椎动物Nramp2中铁反应控制蛋白结合位点;同源性分析表明,Sc-Nramp2和太平洋牡蛎Nramp2-like的同源性最高为71.6%。实时荧光定量PCR结果表明,Sc-Nramp2基因在闭壳肌、外套膜、肝胰腺、斧足、水管和鳃6个组织中均有表达,其中肝胰腺中的表达量最高,其次是鳃,与其他组织均有极显著性差异（P<0.01）;注射副溶血弧菌后,肝胰腺中Sc-Nramp2基因的表达量较对照组显著上调（P<0.01）,且表达量呈现先上升后下降的趋势,在12 h时达到最大表达量,推测Sc-Nramp2基因参与了缢蛏非特异性免疫应答反应。     

渤海表层沉积物中的生物硅

采用0.1 mol/L HCl和1%Na2CO3两步连续提取法,对103个渤海表层沉积物样品的生物硅含量进行了分析,结果表明,渤海表层沉积物中生物硅含量范围为7.3~54.7 g/kg,均值31.5 g/kg,高于其他相关调查,原因可能是由于采用0.1 mol/L HCl提取过程中,破坏了生物硅表面的金属氧化膜。对沉积物生物硅含量的空间分布表征显示,莱州湾是沉积物生物硅的低值区、而渤海湾与辽东湾之间的河北沿岸海域是相对高值区,初步认为是陆源营养物质的输入与黄河泥沙长期不断输入干扰沉积环境的稳定性,造成了该海域表层沉积物生物硅分布差异。主成分分析显示,生物硅含量与沉积物黏粒含量、细粉砂、有机氮、有机碳的含量均呈极显著正相关(P0.01),进一步证实沉积物粒度特征和营养环境对生物硅积累的影响。     

海洋生态文明研究进展及其评价体系探究

海洋生态文明作为生态文明建设的一部分,是全面落实"五位一体"总体布局的重要着眼点。本文全面梳理比较了国内海洋生态文明建设的理论研究进展与实践探索,从概念内涵、应用领域、评价指标、示范区建设、实践经验五个方面梳理了现有研究,并采用重要性指数对现有研究中海洋生态文明评价指标的重要性程度进行排序,结合前期研究成果及当前形势,构建了海洋生态文明评价指标体系,并探讨了今后的研究方向。