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141.
Bo Barker Jørgensen Michael E. Böttcher Lev N. Neretin 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》2004,68(9):2095-2118
The main terminal processes of organic matter mineralization in anoxic Black Sea sediments underlying the sulfidic water column are sulfate reduction in the upper 2-4 m and methanogenesis below the sulfate zone. The modern marine deposits comprise a ca. 1-m-deep layer of coccolith ooze and underlying sapropel, below which sea water ions penetrate deep down into the limnic Pleistocene deposits from >9000 years BP. Sulfate reduction rates have a subsurface maximum at the SO42−-CH4 transition where H2S reaches maximum concentration. Because of an excess of reactive iron in the deep limnic deposits, most of the methane-derived H2S is drawn downward to a sulfidization front where it reacts with Fe(III) and with Fe2+ diffusing up from below. The H2S-Fe2+ transition is marked by a black band of amorphous iron sulfide above which distinct horizons of greigite and pyrite formation occur. The pore water gradients respond dynamically to environmental changes in the Black Sea with relatively short time constants of ca. 500 yr for SO42− and 10 yr for H2S, whereas the FeS in the black band has taken ca. 3000 yr to accumulate. The dual diffusion interfaces of SO42−-CH4 and H2S-Fe2+ cause the trapping of isotopically heavy iron sulfide with δ34S = +15 to +33‰ at the sulfidization front. A diffusion model for sulfur isotopes shows that the SO42− diffusing downward into the SO42−-CH4 transition has an isotopic composition of +19‰, close to the +23‰ of H2S diffusing upward. These isotopic compositions are, however, very different from the porewater SO42− (+43‰) and H2S (−15‰) at the same depth. The model explains how methane-driven sulfate reduction combined with a deep H2S sink leads to isotopically heavy pyrite in a sediment open to diffusion. These results have general implications for the marine sulfur cycle and for the interpretation of sulfur isotopic data in modern sediments and in sedimentary rocks throughout earth’s history. 相似文献
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自适应空间信息移动服务 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
空间信息移动服务系统是空间信息系统继由传统PC计算环境向有线Web分布式计算环境扩展后,向移动计算环境的新发展。文中在分析移动计算环境概念和特点的基础上,讨论了空间信息移动服务的若干特点及关键技术,研究了自适应空间信息移动服务方案。 相似文献
143.
Introduction The ground motion is generally estimated by attenuation relation in seismic hazard assesment.The attenuation relation is usually the function of earthquake magnitude and distance.Actually the focal mechanism and other source parameters may also have significant impacts on the ground motion,especially in the near-source region.Recent post-earthquake investigations show that the damages have close relation with the closest fault-plane distance.On August16,2003,a MS=5.9earthquake o… 相似文献
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通过样方法及植被调查法,从纵向和横向两个不同方向对工程破坏后的沙地植被进行比较研究。在纵向上,由于植被恢复时间的不同,其恢复的程度也不同。植被恢复状况可明显的分3个阶段:定居前期(1~6a)主要以多年生羽叶三芒草和小半灌木绢蒿为主;中期(7~11a)主要以多年生小半灌木青杆沙蒿为主;后期(12~16a)主要生长着多年生麻黄及草本沙苔,地表出现大面积的生物结皮。在横向上,将恢复后期的植被与原始植被进行比较。通过对植被发育不同阶段过程中物种重要值、物种多样性、丰富度及生活型的变化等方面的调查,发现在不同阶段,各物种的重要值发生了不同的变化,物种多样性指数,均匀度指数,丰富度指数到后期均增大。 相似文献
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Biocrust effects on soil infiltration have attracted increasing attention in dryland ecosystems, but their seasonal variations in infiltrability have not yet been well understood. On the Chinese Loess Plateau, soil infiltrability indicated by saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks) of biocrusts and bare soil, both on aeolian sand and loess soil, was determined by disc infiltrometer in late spring (SPR), midsummer (SUM), and early fall (FAL). Then their correlations with soil biological and physiochemical properties and water repellency index (RI) were analysed. The results showed that the biocrusts significantly decreased Ks both on sand during SPR, SUM, and FAL (by 43%, 66%, and 35%, respectively; P < .05) and on loess (by 42%, 92%, and 10%, respectively; P <.05). As compared with the bare soil, the decreased Ks in the biocrusted surfaces was mostly attributed to the microorganism biomass and also to the increasing content of fine particles and organic matter. Most importantly, both the biocrusts and bare soil exhibited significant (F ≥ 11.89, P ≤ .003) seasonal variations in Ks, but their patterns were quite different. Specifically, the Ks of bare soil gradually decreased from SPR to SUM (32% and 42% for sand and loess, respectively) and FAL (29% and 39%); the Ks of biocrusts also decreased from SPR to SUM (59% and 92%) but then increased in FAL (36% and 588%). Whereas the seasonal variations in Ks of the biocrusts were closely correlated with the seasonal variations in RI, the RI values were not high enough to point at hydrophobicity. Instead of that, the seasonal variations of Ks were principally explained by the changes in the crust biomass and possibly by the microbial exopolysaccharides. We conclude that the biocrusts significantly decreased soil infiltrability and exhibited a different seasonal variation pattern, which should be carefully considered in future analyses of hydropedological processes. 相似文献