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51.
ten Hallers-Tjabbes CC Wegener JW Van Hattum B Kemp JF ten Hallers E Reitsemae TJ Boon JP 《Marine environmental research》2003,55(3):203-233
The presence and the development of imposex were investigated in the common whelk (Buccinum undatum) and the red whelk (Neptunea antiqua) from the open North Sea and the Skagerrak. Imposex development was related to levels of organotins in snails and in the fine fractions (< 63 microm) of the sediments they inhabit. The sampling locations were classified according to three levels of traffic densities of ships of > or = 100 gt per day passing within 15 Nautical miles of the sampling station, shipping levels being: high (> 10 ships day(-1)), intermediate (5--10 ships day(-1)), and low (< 5 ships day(-1)). Sampling stations were also classified according to presence or absence of a vertically stratified water column. In the snails the body levels of the butyltin metabolites MBT and DBT and the parent phenyltin compound TPT, were higher than those of TBT and PT metabolites. In the sediment, the parent compounds and the mono-substituted metabolites MBT and MPT were present in the highest concentrations. The highest body levels of all organotin compounds and the highest imposex indices for the common whelk were found at those locations in the Southern Bight and the German Bight that had a high shipping density as well as a homogeneously mixed water column during the whole year. At these locations sediment levels of organotins were also higher than at other sites. In contrast, the body levels of organotins were low and imposex was sometimes even completely absent in snails from stratified deep-water stations in the Skagerrak, despite a very high shipping density in the entrance area of the Baltic. In sediments from stratified locations with low or intermediate shipping densities, organotin compounds were below or close to their respective limits of detection. These stations were located in areas with a stratified water column during the whole year. The results can be explained by postulating a much higher resistance for dissolved organotins to migrate through a pycnocline. Organotins could only transgress through a pycnocline when adsorbed to settling particles that manage to transgress the boundary between layers. N. antiqua could only be obtained in sufficient numbers from deeper water stations, which almost all had a stratified water column. At stations where both snail species were obtained and imposex was present, the imposex index was higher in the red whelk. Hence N. antiqua seems to be the more sensitive species of the two. In the red whelk, imposex development increased with shipping density too, though in the smaller samples the trend was not significant. Average biota-sediment accumulation factors (BSAFs; normalised for lipid content in snails and TOC content in the fraction < 63 microm in sediments) for Buccinum ranged from 0.4 to 1.0 for butyltins and were similar to literature values reported for TBT in other marine species. Higher average BSAF values were found for phenyltins 1.5 (MPT) to 17 (TPT). The high values for TPT match the ranges expected from equilibrium partitioning concepts of persistent hydrophobic compounds. The ratio of live snails to the total number of live snails plus empty shells ranged between 2.5 and 93%. This parameter might be a useful indicator to compare past and present densities of populations of both species in different areas of the North Sea. 相似文献
52.
岩浆绿帘石能够作为压力计反映岩体侵位深度,进而可估算地壳抬升剥蚀速率及地壳演化历史,因而引起了人们的研究关注。在长乐—南澳构造带泉港临头地段发现了片麻状英云闪长岩中的岩浆绿帘石。该地段是我国当前报道岩浆绿帘石的第5处产出地,但在东南沿海地区尚属首次发现。含岩浆绿帘石的片麻状英云闪长岩形成于早白垩世(K1),以钙性(C,Peacock碱钙指数)、中钾钙碱性系列(MKCA)、准铝质和弱过铝质、钙碱性系列(CA,Miyashiro SiO2-FeO*/MgO)为主,具镁安山岩系列(MA)性质,呈奥长花岗岩演化趋势(Tdj);轻稀土(LREE)较富集,铕负异常不明显;微量元素呈现较大的钽(Ta)、磷(P)和钛(Ti)负异常,显示出造山带火山弧花岗岩的特征。片麻状英云闪长岩中绿帘石岩相学特征显示,黑云母和自形的绿帘石分布于斜长石的隙间,为典型的填间结构;绿帘石与黑云母相互接触、相互包裹,是一起从富水的晚期岩浆中结晶出来的原生矿物,不是交代斜长石的岩浆期后的次生矿物。绿帘石电子探针分析结果显示Ps值为24~29,TiO2含量均小于0.1%。综合绿帘石岩相学与化学特征知悉,泉港临头片麻状英云闪长岩中的绿帘石为岩浆绿帘石。岩浆绿帘石形成压力约870 MPa,深度为25~32 km,而现今东南沿海陆壳厚度约30 km,据此推测,早白垩世(K1)时东南沿海陆壳厚度为55~62 km;早白垩世(K1)之后,地壳可能经历了多次抬升。 相似文献
53.
Nicholas E. Graham Malcolm K. Hughes Caspar M. Ammann Kim M. Cobb Martin P. Hoerling Douglas J. Kennett James P. Kennett Bert Rein Lowell Stott Peter E. Wigand Taiyi Xu 《Climatic change》2007,83(1-2):241-285
Terrestrial and marine late Holocene proxy records from the western and central US suggest that climate between approximately 500 and 1350 a.d. was marked by generally arid conditions with episodes of severe centennial-scale drought, elevated incidence of wild fire, cool sea surface temperatures (SSTs) along the California coast, and dune mobilization in the western plains. This Medieval Climate Anomaly (MCA) was followed by wetter conditions and warming coastal SSTs during the transition into the “Little Ice Age” (LIA). Proxy records from the tropical Pacific Ocean show contemporaneous changes indicating cool central and eastern tropical Pacific SSTs during the MCA, with warmer than modern temperatures in the western equatorial Pacific. This pattern of mid-latitude and tropical climate conditions is consistent with the hypothesis that the dry MCA in the western US resulted (at least in part) from tropically forced changes in winter NH circulation patterns like those associated with modern La Niña episodes. We examine this hypothesis, and present other analyses showing that the imprint of MCA climate change appears in proxy records from widely distributed regions around the planet, and in many cases is consistent with a cool medieval tropical Pacific. One example, explored with numerical model results, is the suggestion of increased westerlies and warmer winter temperatures over northern Europe during medieval times. An analog technique for the combined use of proxy records and model results, Proxy Surrogate Reconstruction (PSR), is introduced. 相似文献
54.
Adrie F. G. Jacobs Bert G. Heusinkveld Albert A. M. Holtslag 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2008,126(1):125-136
Observations for May and August, 2005, from a long-term grassland meteorological station situated in central Netherlands were
used to evaluate the closure of the surface energy budget. We compute all possible enthalpy changes, such as the grass cover
heat storage, dew water heat storage, air mass heat storage and the photosynthesis energy flux, over an averaging time interval.
In addition, the soil heat flux was estimated using a harmonic analysis technique to obtain a more accurate assessment of
the surface soil heat flux. By doing so, a closure of 96% was obtained. The harmonic analysis technique appears to improve
closure by 9%, the photosynthesis for 3% and the rest of the storage terms for a 3% improvement of the energy budget closure.
For calm nights (friction velocity u
* < 0.1 m s−1) when the eddy covariance technique is unreliable for measurement of the vertical turbulent fluxes, the inclusion of a scheme
that calculates dew fluxes improves the energy budget closure significantly. 相似文献
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58.
多频率InSAR提取沼泽湿地DEM精度对比分析 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
选取3种波长的干涉SAR数据对提取沼泽湿地区域的DEM,并随机从1:10 000地形图中选取111个点数据进行精度验证,最后对比分析了沼泽湿地植被对于不同SAR波长的干涉相干性差异。结果表明:L-band ALOS-1 PALSAR精细模式的HH单视复数数据与1:10 000地形图数据吻合度较好,76.58%的高程值差异在3 m以内,其相干系数比C-band Sentinel-1A IW模式的VV单视复数数据和X-band TerraSAR HH单视复数数据要高;更适合利用雷达干涉测量技术提取沼泽湿地的DEM;不同湿地植被类型的相干系数有较大差异,岛状林和灌草结合的湿地植被分布区相干系数值较大,而浅水沼泽植被区和深水沼泽植被区相对较低。 相似文献
59.
大别山太湖—马庙断裂带两侧变质地体的增温变质作用 总被引:16,自引:7,他引:9
大别山榴辉岩地体以太湖马庙断裂带为南界。该断裂带近东西走向, 向南倾斜。通过对石榴石中 Mg 含量由核部向边缘增高的生长环带构造的分析和详细的 P T 轨迹的计算表明, 断裂带北侧的榴辉岩和南侧的角闪岩及角闪片麻岩均经历了降压增温变质过程。热榴辉岩由地幔深处的折返和地温梯度的升高为可能的热源。 相似文献
60.
利用主成分分析法对陆态网224个GNSS基准站坐标时间序列进行分析.首先对基准站原始坐标序列进行突变项拟合、粗差剔除、缺失数据插值补齐等预处理;然后对预处理后的站点残差坐标时间序列分N、E、U方向组建时间序列矩阵进行主成分分析,根据各方向主分量及其相应的空间特征向量分析站点空间响应分布特征、共模误差以及异常站点的影响.... 相似文献