Massive sedimentation of fine sediment with organic matter and enhanced benthic-pelagic coupling by an artificial dyke in semi-enclosed Chonsu Bay, Korea

To assess the impact of an artificial dyke in Chonsu Bay (CBD) on the organic carbon (C(org)) cycle, we measured excess (210)Pb activities, C(org) and nitrogen content in sediment cores. The C(org) oxidation rates (C(ox)) on the surface sediment and benthic nutrient fluxes were also quantified with an in situ benthic chamber. The higher excess (210)Pb inventory, C(org) and nitrogen in cores near the CBD indicated lateral transport and local, massive deposition of particulate matter due to tidal circulation altered by artificial dyke construction. The C(ox) in sediment near the CBD was about twice as high as that out of the bay, suggesting the importance of benthic remineralization of organic matter. The benthic fluxes of dissolved inorganic nitrogen and phosphate were four to six times higher than those outside the bay, corresponding to 141% and 131% respectively, of the requirements for primary production.     

基于带权Voronoi图与地标的空间位置描述

地标是最基本的空间知识,在空间知识的表达和推理中具有重要作用,常被用来作为空间位置描述的参照物.在实际中,不同地标在空间位置描述中的权重不同,如何考虑地标权重建立符合人类空间认知的形式化方法是空间知识表达的重要研究内容.该文从视觉、语义和空间结构等方面总结影响地标权重的因素,通过认知实验获取北京大学校园内10个地标的权重.在此基础上,基于带权Voronoi图提出生成指定目标对象空间位置描述的形式化方法,并采用认知实验中的数据,以北京大学为例,生成校园内4个指定目标对象的空间位置描述.最后分析了引起基于带权Voronoi图与地标空间位置描述不准确的因素,并提出下一步的研究方向.     

地理信息科学:地理学的核心或是外缘?

地理信息科学作为具有外缘特征的交叉学科,传承了地理学的空间分析传统,并与信息地理学其他方向一起,将其他学科的技术方法(如大数据和人工智能)与地理空间特性相结合,探讨地理规律在普遍性和特殊性之间的平衡.同时,它处在地理学学科体系中的核心地位,从"夯实理论基础"以及"提升技术并推动应用"两方面使地理学更强大.     

Tectonic influences on ground water quality: insight from complementary methods

A study using multiple techniques provided insight into tectonic influences on ground water systems; the results can help to understand ground water systems in the tectonically active western United States and other parts of the world. Ground water in the San Bernardino Valley (Arizona, United States and Sonora, Mexico) is the main source of water for domestic use, cattle ranching (the primary industry), and the preservation of threatened and endangered species. To improve the understanding of ground water occurrence, movement, and sustainability, an investigation was conducted using a number of complementary methods, including major ion geochemistry, isotope hydrology, analysis of gases dissolved in ground water, aquifer testing, geophysics, and an examination of surface and subsurface geology. By combining information from multiple lines of investigation, a more complete picture of the basin hydrogeology was assembled than would have been possible using fewer methods. The results show that the hydrogeology of the San Bernardino Valley is markedly different than that of its four neighboring basins in the United States. The differences include water quality, chemical evolution, storage, and residence time. The differences result from the locally unique geology of the San Bernardino Valley, which is due to the presence of a magmatically active accommodation zone (a zone separating two regions of normal faults with opposite dips). The geological differences and the resultant hydrological differences between the San Bernardino Valley and its neighboring basins may serve as a model for the distinctive nature of chemical evolution of ground water in other basins with locally distinct tectonic histories.     

Ground water budget analysis and cross-formational leakage in an arid basin

Ground water budget analysis in arid basins is substantially aided by integrated use of numerical models and environmental isotopes. Spatial variability of recharge, storage of water of both modern and pluvial age, and complex three-dimensional flow processes in these basins provide challenges to the development of a good conceptual model. Ground water age dating and mixing analysis with isotopic tracers complement standard hydrogeologic data that are collected and processed as an initial step in the development and calibration of a numerical model. Environmental isotopes can confirm or refute a priori assumptions of ground water flow, such as the general assumption that natural recharge occurs primarily along mountains and mountain fronts. Isotopes also serve as powerful tools during postaudits of numerical models. Ground water models provide a means of developing ground water budgets for entire model domains or for smaller regions within the model domain. These ground water budgets can be used to evaluate the impacts of pumping and estimate the magnitude of capture in the form of induced recharge from streams, as well as quantify storage changes within the system. The coupled analyses of ground water budget analysis and isotope sampling and analysis provide a means to confirm, refute, or modify conceptual models of ground water flow.     

Effects of changing land use on the microbial water quality of tidal creeks

Population growth along the southeastern United States coast has precipitated the conversion of forested watersheds to suburban and urban ones. This study sampled creeks representing forested, suburban, and urban watersheds along a longitudinal gradient for indicators of water quality, including traditional indicator bacteria (fecal coliforms and enterococci) and alternative viral indicators (male-specific and somatic coliphages). Tested microorganisms were generally distributed with highest concentrations in creek headwaters and in more developed watersheds. The headwaters also showed the strongest predictive relationship between indicator concentrations and urbanization as measured by impervious cover. A seasonal pattern was observed for indicator bacteria but not for indicator viruses. Coliphage typing indicated the likely source of contamination was nonhuman. Results suggest that headwater creeks can serve as sentinel habitat, signaling early warning of public health concerns from land-based anthropogenic activities. This study also implies the potential to eventually forecast indicator concentrations under land use change scenarios.     

数字地名词典中的类型表达和管理

在数字地名词典中恰当地表达和管理地名的类型知识,有助于数字地名词典快速、有效地处理地名相关查询.为此,该文首先从数字地名词典的应用需求出发,分析类型在数字地名词典中的作用,进而设计一个地名类型本体模型.该模型表达了地名类型之间的继承关系以及对空间关系的约束.在本体模型基础上,提出了相应的查询处理策略并进行了系统实现.     

基于集对分析的滑坡变形动态建模研究

滑坡是一个确定-不确定的动态系统,其变形表现出复杂的非线性演化特征。为了克服传统分析方法在处理系统不确定性方面的不足,将集对分析法（SPA）引入岩土变形监测分析领域,并结合层次分析法（AHP）提出了滑坡变形动态预测模型,给出了基于概率论的最优预测算法,提出并证明了集对论中最大同一度在等势条件下存在极限解,据此提出位移势的概念。在位移势的基础上,进行SPA二次建模,提出了基于SPA的滑坡变形与水库蓄水过程相关性动态分析模型。运用上述预测模型对新近发生的刘家沱滑坡进行变形监测定量分析,实践证明：最优预测值具有良好的短期预报精度;位移势能够表征系统当前状态下位移所能达到的最大潜力,可作为短期预测的上限值,其变化能够反映系统宏观层面上的演化特征,对滑坡演变加速预警具有指导意义;运用集对分析方法进行滑坡变形响应滞后效应的定量研究是一条可行的新思路,反演结果与实际情况吻合;该方法在岩土监测分析领域有良好的应用前景。     

极隙区Pc3频段脉动的传播特性

南极中山站和戴维斯站 (不变磁纬 74.5°S)白天中午位于磁层极隙区 ,夜间位于极盖区或极光带的极向边沿。两站均安装了完全相同的感应式磁力计。选择两站 1 997年 3月和 1 996年 6、9、1 2月的数据 ,运用快速傅立叶变换和波形检查方法选择 Pc3频段脉动事件 ,然后用信号互谱技术进行统计分析 ,结果如下 :在中山站 -戴维斯站 ,Pc3频段脉动主要出现于白天中午 /磁中午和磁午夜附近 ;白天 ,Pc3频段脉动振幅、出现率和出现的时间范围均有一定的季节变化 ,冬季最小 ,但在夜间 ,Pc3频段脉动没有这种变化 ;夜间 ,Pc3频段脉动振幅比在白天大许多 ;Pc3频段脉动传播方向 ,白天主要向西 ,夜间不太规则。这些可能反映了电离层电导率和日侧电离层电流系统对 Pc3频段脉动的影响。     

基于构件模型支持复用的GPS/GIS集成的软件设计实现

在实践中 ,实现一个GPS/GIS集成系统在技术上是容易的事情 ,但是如何提高软件的开发效率则是需要解决的另一个问题。本文分析GPS/GIS集成软件系统 ,捕获了其共性和变化性 ,将GPS数据通讯进行分解 ,提出基于构件模型的集成系统的实现方案 ,该实现方案便于控制系统的变化性 ,并且支持复用