Intercomparison of Humidity and Temperature Sensors: GTS1, Vaisala RS80, and CFH

GTS1 digital radiosonde, developed by the Shanghai Changwang Meteorological Science and Technology Company in 1998, is now widely used in operational radiosonde stations in China. A preliminary comparison of simultaneous humidity measurements by the GTS1 radiosonde, the Vaisala RS80 radiosonde, and the Cryogenic Frostpoint Hygrometer (CFH), launched at Kunming in August 2009, reveals a large dry bias produced by the GTS1 humidity sensor. The average relative dry bias is in the order of 10% below 500 hPa, increasing rapidly to 30% above 500 hPa, and up to 55% at 310 hPa. A much larger dry bias is observed in the daytime, and this daytime effect increases with altitude. The GTS1 radiosonde fails to respond to humidity changes in the upper troposphere, and sometimes even in the middle troposphere. The failure of GTS1 in the middle and upper troposphere will result in significant artificial humidity shifts in radiosonde climate records at stations in China where a transition from mechanical to digital radiosondes has occurred. A comparison of simultaneous temperature observations by the GTS1 radiosonde and the Vaisala RS80 radiosonde suggests that these two radiosondes provide highly reproducible temperature measurements in the troposphere, but produce opposite biases for daytime and nighttime measurements in the stratosphere. In the stratosphere, the GTS1 shows a warm bias (<0.5 K) in the daytime and a relatively large cool bias (-0.2 K to -1.6 K) at nighttime.     

石家庄草面温度变化特征

利用石家庄地区5个观测站2008～2010年逐日的草面温度、地面温度和气温观测数据,分析讨论了该地区草面温度平均值、极端值、日较差特征以及草面温度与地面温度、气温在不同气象条件下三者之间的变化关系.结果表明:全地区年平均草面温度呈现出北低南高的特点,西南部山区最高;年平均最高草面温度中部地区最高,年平均最低草面温度西南...     

凉山州工业排放PM_（10）的数值模拟研究

利用CALPUFF耦合MM5的大气扩散模型,对四川省凉山彝族自治州2007年工业排放PM10的扩散传输进行数值模拟,分析了污染物的浓度时空分布以及影响污染物浓度分布的主要因素。结果表明：CALPUFF耦合MM5模型对凉山州2007年工业排放PM10的浓度模拟有着较好的适用性;污染物主要沿着安宁河和黑水河分布,浓度分布特征随时间变化,其中冬季污染较为严重;各市（县）的PM10浓度值有空间差异,西昌和甘洛污染最为严重,季平均浓度分别为67.81μg/m3和57.23μg/m3;凉山州PM10的浓度分布受气象条件、地形和污染源的地理位置的综合影响。     

青藏高原GLASS地表反照率产品精度分析

应用2003年青藏高原3个站点的地表反照率观测结果,对比分析了GLASS(Global LAnd Surface Satellites)地表反照率1 km×1 km分辨率产品的精度,结果表明,GLASS黑空反照率、白空反照率与地表反照率地面观测结果的总体变化趋势基本一致,能够有效地反映实际地表状态的变化;局地积雪和云覆盖对GLASS地表反照率产品的精度影响较大,云覆盖导致GLASS地表反照率可能比实际地表反照率高;消除云覆盖和局地积雪的影响后,GLASS黑空反照率、白空反照率与地表反照率地面观测结果的均方根误差显著降低,分别为0.0155和0.0190。     

凉山州工业排放PM10的数值模拟研究

利用CALPUFF耦合MM5的大气扩散模型,对四川省凉山彝族自治州2007年工业排放PM10的扩散传输进行数值模拟,分析了污染物的浓度时空分布以及影响污染物浓度分布的主要因素.结果表明:CALPUFF耦合MM5模型对凉山州2007年工业排放PM10的浓度模拟有着较好的适用性;污染物主要沿着安宁河和黑水河分布,浓度分布特征随时间变化,其中冬季污染较为严重;各市(县)的PM10浓度值有空间差异,西昌和甘洛污染最为严重,季平均浓度分别为67.81μg/m3和57.23μg/m3;凉山州PM10的浓度分布受气象条件、地形和污染源的地理位置的综合影响.     

The impact of cut-off lows on ozone in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere over Changchun from ozonesonde observations

In situ measurements of the vertical structure of ozone were made in Changchun(43.53?N, 125.13?E), China, by the Institute of Atmosphere Physics, in the summers of 2010–13. Analysis of the 89 validated ozone profiles shows the variation of ozone concentration in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere(UTLS) caused by cut-off lows(COLs) over Changchun. During the COL events, an increase of the ozone concentration and a lower height of the tropopause are observed.Backward simulations with a trajectory model show that the ozone-rich airmass brought by the COL is from Siberia. A case study proves that stratosphere–troposphere exchange(STE) occurs in the COL. The ozone-rich air mass transported from the stratosphere to the troposphere first becomes unstable, then loses its high ozone concentration. This process usually happens during the decay stage of COLs. In order to understand the influence of COLs on the ozone in the UTLS, statistical analysis of the ozone profiles within COLs, and other profiles, are employed. The results indicate that the ozone concentrations of the in-COL profiles are significantly higher than those of the other profiles between ±4 km around the tropopause. The COLs induce an increase in UTLS column ozone by 32% on average. Meanwhile, the COLs depress the lapse-rate tropopause(LRT)/dynamical tropopause height by 1.4/1.7 km and cause the atmosphere above the tropopause to be less stable. The influence of COLs is durable because the increased ozone concentration lasts at least one day after the COL has passed over Changchun. Furthermore, the relative coefficient between LRT height and lower stratosphere(LS) column ozone is-0.62,which implies a positive correlation between COL strength and LS ozone concentration.     

ENSO Signals in Tropospheric Temperature Simulated by an AGCM GAMIL

Using reanalysis data as a benchmark,the authors evaluate the performance of an Atmospheric General Circulation Model(AGCM) named GAMIL(Grid-point Atmospheric Model of LASG/IAP).GAMIL is used to simulate the tropospheric temperature anomalies associated with the El Nio-Southern Oscillation(ENSO) in boreal winters for the period 1980-99.The results show that the symmetrical components of temperature anomalies simulated by GAMIL closely resemble those in the reanalysis data in spatial patterns,especially in the Northern Hemisphere.The limitation of the model is that the simulated cold anomaly over South Asia is located to the east of the reanalysis.The observed temperature anomalies in the South Pacific and the high latitudes of the Southern Hemisphere are not evident in the simulation.The maximum value is 0.8 K smaller and the minimum value is-0.4 K smaller than the reanalysis.The difference between the simulation and the reanalysis is more evident in the regional features of the asymmetrical components of the temperature anomalies.Our results demonstrate that the previously discovered weak response of the GAMIL model to specified sea surface temperature forcing is dominated by the symmetric(asymmetric) component in the tropics(extra-tropics).     

太湖流域重污染区主要水污染物总量控制

太湖流域产业、人口集聚,水环境污染已经成为整个太湖流域经济可持续发展的制约因素之一,为解决经济发展引起的环境问题,对污染物排放实行总量控制至关重要.为此以太湖流域梅梁湾、竺山湾上游集水区域(重污染区)为研究区域,全面调查区域社会经济、产业结构、土地利用以及各类污染源现状,构建重污染区套网格水文、水质数学模型,计算区域水环境容量与污染物削减量,依据水功能区划与水域面积分配到各镇(街道),确定重污染区以镇(街道)级为基本单位的分阶段总量控制目标,制订主要污染物控制与负荷削减综合系统方案,提出2015年各类污染源重点工程措施,方案实施后区域河网水质平均达标率达80%,为太湖流域水环境管理提供技术支撑.     

采空沉陷湿地形成动力过程的初步研究

因采空、沉陷和积水所形成的湿地是采矿沉陷区扰动了区域性地表水和地下水循环而产生了季节性或永久性积水而形成的一种湿地类型。从采空沉陷湿地形成的主要动力过程入手,研究其形成原因,明确其主要湿地特征。结果表明,采空积水沉陷地是在人类对地下矿层开采后,上覆岩层发生弯曲变形、断裂、位移,导致地面塌陷下沉,形成比采矿范围大得多的负地貌(低洼地);同时原有地表水系统因地表沉陷被破坏,使采矿沉陷区演变为局部汇水区,导致季节性或永久性积水;最终使其出现了沼泽化水生生态系统等特征,形成了一种新型人工湿地。     

模糊评判方法在辽宁省中部地区浅层地下水综合环境质量评价中的应用

选取铁、锰、总硬度、亚硝酸盐、氨氮、氯化物、氟化物、挥发性酚、钡、铍等10项指标为地下水评价指标,根据国家制定的地下水质量标准,采用模糊综合评判方法,系统评价了辽宁省中部地区浅层地下水质量。研究结果表明辽宁中部地区浅层地下水以高铁锰离子含量为特征,综合环境质量较差,多数水体不能直接作为饮用水。超标浅层地下水占调查总面积的一半,主要集中在辽河中下游的冲积平原。影响水质的主要因素是铁锰离子含量和总硬度,其次为氨氮、亚硝酸根和氯离子含量。通过对地下水质量评价,使辽宁中部地区浅层地下水质量特征更加明晰,为制定水资源保护与规划提供了科学依据。