新技术,新挑战——GPS在青藏高原等地区地质研究中的应用

新技术应用到地学领域所获取的新的科学数据有助于我们加深对地质过程的理解。同时，我们解释地质过程的研究方法也受到新技术资料的挑战，从而迫使我们用新的或不同的方法来研究这些地质过程。在此．我想对某些资料进行讨论，这些都是热门的研究领域。当然．作为一个野外地质工作者，我的理解有限。工作的确尚在进行之中，其潜在的结果将促使我们通过新方法着眼于浅部地壳结构及其与深部岩石圈过程的关系。     

华南石炭纪岩关-大塘界线期牙形石地层分带

系统采集不同沉积相区和连续沉积的剖面，即浅海台地相广西柳江龙殿山剖面、台缘缓坡相云南施甸鱼硐剖面和台内盆地相广西柳州碰冲剖面，运用数理统计方法，研究了华南岩关一大塘界线过渡期牙形石的产出丰度和相分布，在恢复生物演化序列的基础上，对各剖面首先详细分带，再进一步综合成系统的5个牙形石带，即Gnathodus typicus—G．cuneiformis带、Gnathodus typicus—Protognathodus cordiformis带、Scaliognathus anchoralis—Gnathodus pseu-dosemiglaber带、Gnathodus praebilineatus带和Paragnathodus horrtopunctatus带。以生物系统发生为标准，严格限定各带的界线，并与北美、西欧同期地层进行精确对比，为建立杜内阶一维宪阶界线的全球层型(GSSP)提供可靠依据。     

表生风化作用下多年冻土土壤的理论粒径分布

The paper discusses the distinctive features of grain size distribution of permafrost soils formed under conditions of continental lithogenesis and cryogenic weathering of rocks. As a functional consequence of surface erosion of mineral particles, the log-normal distribution of the density function of grain size is derived confirmed for any conditions and sediment types.     

柳伊河水电站大坝右岸坝区研究

In the paper in order to ascertain the condition of the right-bank of the dam at the Vilyui hydroelectric power plant measurements are applied to obtain experimental date such as drilling borehole,hydrolocation and so forth. By finding out the distribution of the temperature field some corresponding measures are taken to improve the stability of the dam during the change of the ground temperature. And finally some conclusions are draw to the study.     

具有经济性前景的粗岩屑堆天然冷能集聚分析

The coarse-detrital deposits have the properties of cold accumulation and maintenance of cold for a long time. Now, at some place where the mean annual temperature of air is positive, one even can get the permafrost by artificial formation of the burial mound. According to these properties, some lowenergy storehouses are built for various purposes.     

多年冻土地区建筑物地基的热稳定性技术

Thermal stabilization of soils (including freezing of thawed soils and cooling of permafrost) is known to be the effective method providing stable support for buildings and structures in cold regions.Seasonal thermo-stabilizers (STS) are mainly used in construction. The predicted climate warming because of natural and man-caused factors determines wide application of STS in permafrost regions. A STS transfers heat from its underground part (evaporator) to the aerial part (condenser) owing to natural temperature difference between them during a cold season. We have been working out and manufacturing different types of two-phase, vapor-liquid STS. Aluminum alloys are used in our STS to prevent corrosion and to increase their efficiency. They are successfully used in the northern regions of Western Siberia, in particular, at the railway Obskaya Bovanenkovo. The paper presents some technical parameters of new STS, the results of their experimental study and computer simulation, as well as experience features.     

横穿贝加尔湖山脉北部寒区的线性工程

The development of North Transbaikalye mineral resources (e. g. the Chiney deposit of iron titanium-vanadium-magnetite ores and Udokan copper deposits) is impossible without the establishment of industrial and transport infrastructure, one component of which are linear engineering constructions (drive railways, by-line auto roads, platform passages, protecting constructions, and others). However,on condition of spreading permafrost rocks this is conjugated with certain ecological risk just as from the transport network objects so for the objects themselves. A special attention is paid in the paper to considering of problems of projecting and constructing railways on the Udokan ridge.     

多年冻土地区金刚石矿的环境问题--以Yakutia 西北部Anabar矿为例

Placer diamond mining in the Anabar area involves various operations that cause long-term (nearly a quarter of a century) environmental impacts. The long history of mining activities, the technology used to mine the placers, as well as the poor assimilative capacity of the natural systems can result in serious environmental impacts in the area. The primary geochemical processes in the diamond-bearing area are affected by the occurrence of permafrost and relict ice, the lengthy duration of ice cover in water bodies, and the widespread development of cryogenic processes. This promotes physical migration of contaminants, cryogenic metamorphization of waters, and long-term accumulation of organic contaminants in low-temperature, reduction and sedimentation barriers. In this paper, some environmental and geochemical effects of diamond mining in the Arctic area are discussed.     

探测冰盖和多年冻土层的融冰探头研发

The exploration of ice sheets by melting vertical holes into the ground has some tradition in terrestrial glaciology. Such probes have been used since the 1960's to investigate the vertical structure of the ice in Greenland and Antarctica and in alpine glaciers. In this paper we look into the possibility to develop similar devices for use on extraterrestrial icy bodies, like e.g. the polar areas on Mars or the icy satellites of the outer solar system. We report on some basic experiments performed in the cryo-vacuum laboratory of the Space Research Institute of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Graz. In these experiments the penetration of a simple melting probe into compact and porous water ice (with a snow-like texture) was monitored, both under vacuum conditions and under air pressure. The observed penetration speeds for a given power supply are compared with a simple mathematical model. We conclude that a miniature melting probe with small overall dimensions and a reasonable power demand could well be part of the payload of a future planetary mission, for example to the poles of Mars. Such missions are currently under discussion in several space agencies. Moreover such probes could also e? ectively be used in terrestrial environments. A possible design is presented at the end of the paper.     

由浅源地震矩张量推断的沿琉球岛弧和冲绳海槽的应力场

使用区域(NIED MT)和全球(哈佛大学CMT)矩张量目录研究了琉球岛弧和冲绳海槽的应力场。使用NIED MT目录4年数据和哈佛大学CMT目录24年数据的联合数据集，发现沿琉球岛弧弧前分布的平行弧向的扩张应力区域，并观测到详细的冲绳海槽扩张应力场。除北东端外，该顺弧向扩张在整个琉球岛弧区域都可以观测到。该应力场通过火山链与冲绳海槽的弧后扩张应力场明显分开。由于它存在于正俯冲区域以及弱耦合俯冲区域中，倾斜俯冲的影响不足以解释平行弧向扩张的形成。因而，我们认为弧后张开过程应该在这个平行弧向的扩张中起了重要作用。沿冲绳海槽，在琉球岛弧东南部和中部观测到垂直岛弧方向的扩张应力场，而在冲绳海槽东北部，扩张轴的方向既与岛弧的法向斜交又与板块运动方向斜交。考虑了俯冲板块与弧前和弧后相互作用的二维力学模型是不充分的，因为整个琉球岛弧都观测到平行弧向扩张应力场，而且冲绳海槽东北部的扩张轴与海槽走向斜交。倾斜的弧后应力可能发源于弧后下部或者弧后大陆一侧。解释该现象的最简单的方法之一可能是冲绳海槽东北部的活动断裂作用。