Application of wavelet transformation to determine wavelengths and phase velocities of gravity waves observed by lidar measurements

During the last two decades, important advances have been made in the investigation of gravity waves. However, more efforts are needed to study certain aspects of gravity waves. In the real atmosphere, gravity waves occur with different properties at different altitudes and, most often, simultaneously. In this case, when there is more than one dominant wave, the determination of gravity wave characteristics, such as the vertical wavelength and the phase velocity, is difficult. The interpretation of temperature perturbation plots versus the altitude and time as well as the application of the Fourier spectral analysis can produce errors.Exact knowledge of the wave characteristics is important both for determination of other characteristics, for example, the horizontal wave components, and for study of wave climatology. The wavelet analysis of vertical temperature profiles allows one to examine the wave's location in space. Up to now, gravity waves have been studied mainly by continuous wavelet transformation to determine dominant waves. We apply wavelet analysis to a time series of temperature profiles, observed by the ALOMAR ozone lidar at Andoya, Norway, and by the U. Bonn lidar system at ESRANGE, Sweden, both for determination of the dominant waves and for specifying the vertical wavelengths and the vertical component of the phase velocities. For this purpose, the wavelet amplitude spectra and the wavelet phase spectra are filtered and Hovmöller diagrams for dominant wavelengths are constructed. The advantage of this type of diagrams is that they give clear evidence for the localization of the dominant waves in space and time and for the development of their phase fronts.     

Isotope hydrological study of mean transit times in an alpine basin (Wimbachtal, Germany)

Measurements of tritium and ¹⁸O concentrations in precipitation and runoff were used to provide further insight into the groundwater storage properties of the Wimbachtal Valley, a catchment area of 33.4 km², extending between 636 and 2713 m a.s.l. in the Berchtesgaden Alps. The catchment includes three aquifer types: a dominant porous aquifer; a fractured dolomite; a karstic limestone aquifer. Employing a simple hydrological model, information about mean transit times of environmental tracers is derived for the groundwater runoff component and several karst springs from the application of the exponential and dispersion flow models to the isotopic input and output data. The mean transit times calculated from a dispersion model with transit times of 4.1 years for ¹⁸O and 4.2 years for tritium, which agree well, allow calculation of total (mobile + stagnant) groundwater storage volume, which is equivalent to 6.6 m of water depth. Direct runoff appears negligible as in many other cases.     

Über kristallstrukturelle Beziehungen zwischen Amblygonit,Kieserit und Titanit

Zusammenfassung Der Vergleich der Gitterkonstanten und der Atomparameter von Amblygonit LiAI[PO₄](OH,F), Kieserit Mg[SO₄](H₂O) und Titanit CaTi[SiO₄](O) zeigt, daß diese Strukturen analog gebaut sind. Das Geriist von tetraedrischen und oktaedrischen Koordinationspolyedern ist in allen 3 Fallen gleich. Die Grundstruktur ist die des Kieserits. Die Amblygonitstruktur entsteht aus ihr durch Verzerrung und Auffüllung mit einem weiteren Bauelement, dem Li, die Titanitstruktur nur durch Auffullung ohne Symmetrieverminderung.     

Geologisch-petrographische Beobachtungen in den Schottischen Highlands

Zusammenfassung In Ergänzung zum FortschrittsberichtKürstens werden geologische Probleme des Schottischen Kristallins diskutiert unter Betonung der petrographischen Betrachtungsweise und Verwertung eigener Feld- und Schliffbeobachtungen.     

Ein Pollendiagramm aus dem Untergrund des Zürichsees

Zusammenfassung Im Sommer 1952 wurden von Prof.Otto Jaag im Zürichsee cine Reihe von Tiefenbohrungen ausgeführt. Ein Bohrkern von 830 cm L?nge, der in 140 m Seetiefe entnommen worden war, wurde pollenanalytisch durchge-gearbeitet. Der See erreicht an dieser Stelle seine gr?sste Tiefe, und sein Boden ist auf einer Fl?che von 1000 m Breite und 7000 m L?nge ganz flach, was dafür Gew?hr bietet, dass die Sedimentation ungest?rt vor sich gehen konnte. Der Bohrkern bestand aus tonreichem Mergel oder unreiner Soekreide, mit einzelnen Einlagerungen von Sand (Abb. 2). Er reichte bis in die waldfreie Zeit des Sp?tglazials hinab. Die Ergebnisse der Pollenanalyse sind in den Abbildungen 2 und 3 zusammengestellt. In Abbildung 2, rechts aussen, wird versucht, die Ablagerung nach den Zeitstufen vonBlytt-Sernander undFranz Firbas zu gliedern. Dabei ergaben sich Schwierigkeiten, und es ist fraglich, ob die natürlichen Grenzen in unserm Diagramm mit der zeitlich festgelegten Periodeneinteilung der oben genannten Forscher immer in übereinstimmung gebracht werden k?nnen. Auch wenn die gleiche Waldfolge gefunden wird, so dürften die Waldzeiten im Alpenvorland teilweise wesentlich früher in Erscheinung getreten sein als weiter gegen Norden hin.

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Summary During the summer of 1952 several deep boring into the underground of the Zürich-see were carried out by Prof. Dr.O. Jaag. One boring core with a length of 830 cm obtained under 140 m lake water was carefully investigated by pollenanalysis. In the spot from where this core originated, the lake reaches its greatest depth and its bottom is entirely flat within an area of 1000 m to 7000 m, which guarantees that the sedimentary process could continue without disturbance. The boring core consisted of loamy marl or lake-lime (Seekreide) with very few sandy layers (Fig. 2). The eldest samples date from woodless late-glacial time. Results of pollenanalysis are summarized in Figures 2 and 3. In Figure 2 (right outside) it was tried to divide the deposit into time-periods according toBlytt-Sernander andF. Firbas. However there arose certain difficulties and it remains doubtful, whether the natural limits in our diagram agree in each case with the fixed periods of the above named authors. Even where the same sequence of forest-development is found it is likely that some of the same forestperiods were realized considerably earlier in the foreland of the Alps than in northernmore parts of Europe.

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Die vorliegende Studie bildet einen Bestandteil der von Prof. Dr.O. Jaag organisierten Sediment-Untersuchung im Zürichsee. Die Durchführung der Bohrungen, die im Jahre 1952 stattfanden, wurde erm?glicht dank grosszügiger finanzieller Unterstützung durch dieVolkart-Stiftung, Winterthur, durch dieKulturkommission der Gemeinde Zollikon ZH sowie durch dieBeh?rden der Stadt und des Kantons Zürich. Bisher wurde ver?ffentlicht:H. Züllig,Sedimente als Ausdruck des Zustandes eines Gew?ssers, Schweiz. Z. Hydrol.18 (1956).     

Geologie zwischen Cañete-San Juan 13‡ 00′-15‡ 24′ Südperu

The Peruvian coastal belt between Cañete and San Juan includes three geological units: The Coastal Cordillera on the west, the foothills of the High Sierra on the east, and the Para-Andean trough in between. Igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic rocks form a sequence ranging in age from Paleozoic (or Pre-Cambrian?) to Cenozoic, with various gaps. The area lies in a mobile belt, which was folded in late Paleozoic, Jurassic (Nevadian), and upper Cretaceous times. Further tectonic activity, involving warping and block faulting, occurred in the late Tertiary, and suggests an approach to cratonic conditions. Tectonic events were accompanied by emplacement of magmatic suites. There is no evidence for a Pacific landmass.     

Das Hoch-Tief-Umwandlungsverhalten mikrokristalliner Quarze

The optical and x-ray investigation of 51 microcrystalline quartz samples show that they are built up of fibrous chalcedony (agates) or finest crystalline, isometric grained quartz (flints, cherts, jasper or Chrysoprase). These samples were examined by standardized d.t.a. — methods in order to get their inversion characteristics.

1. A third of the samples conteins low-temperature cristobalite in addition to quartz (in two samples even as main component); the high-low inversion of this mineral lies between 80 and 245° C according to its defect character. In five samples of jasper low- tridymite is occurring as minor component.
2. In contrary to macrocrystalline quartz crystals microcrystalline quartzes generally show no sharp inversion point. The inversion takes place over an interval of nearly 50° C, to be seen in the d.t.a. curve as a broad, only slightly endothermic effect with hardly visible peak or several small minima. In the curves of 15 samples no inversion could be detected. This broad inversion peak is caused by different defect characters of the crystals or even of parts of the crystals which invert at different temperatures (Flörke, 1955).
3. There is no dependance of t _i on the size of crystallites at least for crystals with diameter greater than 0.05 μ. The temperature of the most prominent inversion minimum allows a division of the microcrystalline quartz crystals analogous the macrocrystalline classification into samples with t _i below and above 570° C. The lowest (518±2° C) and the highest t _i (578,7+0,3° C) were measured at different parts of the same sample of a Chrysoprase.
4. The intensity of the brown and red coloured parts of agate and jasper grows with increasing Fe₂O₃-content, but there is no connection between t _i and chemical composition.
5. As in macrocrystalline quartzes of caverns and veins there are also some t _i -differences between the marginal and the central parts of agates or jaspers. The explanation lies in the mechanism of formation: higher t _i in the margin (e.g. in one globular jasper) points to a formation by silification, whereas higher t _i in the center indicates a formation by the filling up of cavities and veins.
6. The variation in t _i of microcrystalline quartzes and the comparison of these t _i ? with those of associated low-temperature cristobalite shows a connection between temperatures of formation and inversion: samples with low t _i (i.e. with a great number of defects) should be formed at low temperatures, that is by sedimentary or diagenetic processes, and samples with t _i above 570° C (i.e. nearly without defects in the structure) should have crystallized out of hydrothermal solutions. The weak inversion peaks below 570° which in d.t.a. curves often appear besides a main peak at 570° C represent the small amount of diagenetically formed microcrystalline quartz with a large degree of defect character.

     

Die Kupferlagerstätte von Trattenbach (Niederösterreich)

Zusammenfassung Aus dem nördlichen Teil der Wechselserie wird die Kupferlagerstätte von Trattenbach in Niederösterreich beschrieben. Nach einem kurzen Überblick über die Erzparagenese wird ausführlich auf die Gangarten eingegangen. Die Mineralvergesellschaftung liegt heute in umgeprägter Form vor, die Lagerstätte wurde metamorph, doch sind die ursprünglichen Bildungen noch in Relikten vorhanden. Abschließend wird die Lagerstätte von Trattenbach mit stofflich ähnlichen Vorkommen dieses Gebietes verglichen. Es wird dabei auf die Schwierigkeiten eingegangen, die sich nach den neuen Untersuchungen beim Versuch ergeben, die Vererzung von Trattenbach in das in der Literatur gegebene System der ostalpinen Vererzung einzuoronen.

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Summary The copper deposit at Trattenbach (Lower Austria) in the Wechselserie is described. An informative and short review of the ore paragenesis is given, and the gangue is described in detail. The deposit has been metamorphosed, but in addition to the present mineral association, there are relicts of the original one. Finally, the Trattenbach deposit is compared with similar ones from this region, and the difficulties in fitting the results of the new investigations from this deposit into the system of ore genesis in the Eastern Alps used in the literature is discussed.

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Mit 32 Textabbildungen und 1 Karte     

Fuchsit vom Puchegg bei Vorau (Oststeiermark)

Zusammenfassung Vom Puchegg bei Vorau (Osisteiermark) wird eine Aktinolithlage beschrieben, die Fuchsit und Chrom-Biotit enthält. Als Gemengteil des hier auftretenden Amphibolites und der Hornblendeschiefer kann Graphit beobachtet werden, in einem Hornblendeschiefer auch Molybdänglanz. Abschließend wird kurz auf die Albitpegmatite dieses Gebietes und ihre mögliche Beziehung zu der Albitisierung in der benachbarien Wechselserie eingegangen sowie über eine kleine Sulfidvererzung eines Hornblendeschiefers berichtet.

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Summary Fuchsite and chrome-biotite are described from an actinolite bed at Puchegg near Vorau (Easiern Styria). Graphite is observed in amphibolite and the hornblende-schists in this area, in one hornblende-schist connected with molybdenite. Finally the albite-pegmatites of this region are described in short, and a discussion is given for the possibility of their relationship to the albitisation of the Wechselserie. A small sulphide mineralisation in a hornblende-schist is also mentioned in this connection.

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Mit 15 Textabbildungen