An insight into the Bucaramanga nest

We used the local seismicity for the period of 1993 to 2001, in the northeast of Colombia to show the existence of two slabs in the north and south of the Bucaramanga nest. The northern slab has a dip angle of about 25° and the southern slab has a 50° dip angle, while the dip in the Bucaramanga nest is about 29°. In order to explain the nature of the Bucaramanga nest, we proposed the scenario of collision between these two slabs. Using a 3D Finite Element Model (FEM) we show that collision can concentrate, modify and perturb the stress field. The active process of dehydration embrittlement at intermediate depths and the concentrated stress field in the collision zone may explain the high rate of seismic activity inside the Bucaramanga nest. The perturbed and modified stress field resulting from the simultaneous effect of collision between two subducted slabs and subduction of the lithosphere under its own weight can explain the variation in the focal mechanism of micro-earthquakes and the complexity in the source of the moderate size earthquakes in the Bucaramanga nest.     

Hydrogeochemical properties of CO2-rich thermal–mineral waters in Kayseri (Central Anatolia), Turkey

The present study highlights the hydrogeological and hydrogeochemical characteristics of the CO₂-rich thermal–mineral waters in Kayseri, Turkey. These waters of Dokuzpınar cold spring (DPS) (12–13°C), Yeşilhisar mineral spring (YMS) (13–16°C), Acısu mineral spring (ACMS) (20–22.5°C), Tekgöz thermal spring (TGS) (40–41°C), and Bayramhacı thermal-mineral spring (BTMS) (45–46.5°C) have different physical and chemical compositions. The waters are located within the Erciyes basin in the Central Anatolian Crystalline complex consisting of three main rock units. Metamorphic/crystalline rocks occur as the basement, sedimentary rocks of Upper Cretaceous-Quaternary age form the cover, and volcanosedimentary rocks Miocene-Quaternary in age represent the extrusive products of magmatism acting in that period. All these units are covered unconformably by terrace and alluvial deposits, and travertine occurrences have variable permeability. Dokuzpinar cold spring, YMS and ACMS localized mainly along the faults within the region have higher Na⁺ and Cl⁻ contents whereas TGS and BTMS have higher amounts of Ca²⁺ and HCO ₃ ⁻ . The high concentrations of Ca²⁺ and HCO ₃ ⁻ are mainly related to the high CO₂ contents resulting from interactions with carbonate rocks. Whereas the high Na⁺ content is derived from the alkaline rocks, such as syenite, tuff and basalts, the Cl⁻ is generally connected to the dissolution of the evaporitic sequences. These waters are of meteoric-type. BTMS deviates from meteoric water line. The content is related to the increases in the δ¹⁸O compositions due to mineral–water interaction (re-equilibrium) process. CO₂-dominated YMS and ACMS with low temperatures have higher mineralizations. Yeşilhisar mineral spring, ACMS, TGS and BTMS are oversaturated in terms of calcite, aragonite, dolomite, goethite and hematite, and undersaturated with respect to gypsum, halite and anhydrite. Yeşilhisar mineral spring, ACMS and BTMS are also characterized by recent travertine precipitation. Dokuzpınar cold spring is undersaturated in terms of the above minerals. The higher ratios of Ca/Mg and Cl/HCO₃, and lower ratios of SO₄/Cl in BTMS than TGS suggest that TGS has shallow circulation compared to BTMS, and/or has much more heat-loss enroute the surface. The sequence of hydrogeochemical and isotopic compositions of the waters is in an order of DPS>YMS>ACMS>TGS>BTMS and this suggests a transition period from a shallow circulation to a deep circulation path.     

Palaeolimnology of Lake Zeribar, Iran, and its climatic implications

Lake Zeribar sediments covering the time period of the last 25,000 years were examined for the contents of seeds, fruits, Characeae, diatoms, and molluscs. Reconstructions of the variations in the lake water level, salinity, and trophy suggest a sequence of climatic changes. Three pronounced stages of low and varying lake-water level occurred ca. 17,700–15,400, 12,600–12,000, and 10,000–6000 cal yr BP. Some water-level changes were correlated with variations in salinity. The most pronounced increase of salinity occurred 17,700–15,700 and 12,600–12,000 cal yr BP, and less distinct ones occurred about 6400–5900 and 2500 cal yr BP. Diatom assemblages indicated a strong increase of lake trophy ca. 20,200 cal yr BP. Between 6000 and 5000 cal yr BP diatoms characteristic of eutrophy increased in core 63J, and at about 3200 cal yr BP a distinct increase in mesotrophic forms occurred in core 70B. The changes in the occurrence of various organisms indicate increased temperatures about 21,000 cal yr BP, between 15,400 and 12,600, about 12,000, and about 11,700 cal yr BP. The reduced occurrence or disappearance of some of them suggest temperature decreases about 17,700–15,400 and 12,600–12,000 cal yr BP.     

The performance of the empirical models on industrial hydrocyclone design

Many empirical models have been used widely for designing hydrocyclones in industry. These empirical models consist of a set of design equations. Most of the design equations are based on the correlations obtained experimentally, using dimensionless similarity numbers. These equations have their limitations due to the specific systems used for model development. Therefore, in many cases, they cannot be used with confidence to predict the design of an individual separator, or the overall plant configuration that is required to meet different user requirements. A modified version of the existing design equations presented by previous researchers was developed. The design equations, describing four fundamental parameters: pressure drop, flow recovery to underflow, corrected cut size and classification function, were modified by fitting with set of experimental data to obtain the system-specific constant parameters. These modified design equations were then called, the fine-tuned design equations. Four sets of fine-tuned design equations describing all the fundamental parameters were constructed and used to predict the separation performance of many hydrocyclone operational systems at the Dow Chemical Company, Texas, USA. The performance of these equations is evaluated, and the limitations of their use are discussed, thus providing useful insights into hydrocyclone design.     

1994年南海夏季风爆发的数值模拟和分析研究

1994年南海夏季风建立于5月第一候,利用MM5成功地模拟了这一过程,并通过敏感性试验,讨论了中纬度系统和中南半岛及其附近地区的积云对流对夏季风环流建立的影响,结果表明:(1)南下接近副热带一定强度的中纬度槽-锋系统的强迫,可引起南海地区副热带高压脊的减弱东撤,因而有利于南海夏季风的建立;(2)东移的中纬度高压脊与南亚高压的同相叠加是触发夏季风建立的重要因子之一,它引起南亚高压中心迅速北移至中南半岛的北部;(3)中南半岛及其附近地区的积云对流加热,对南海地区夏季风环流的建立也有重要的影响.     

Undrained Shear Strength in Cohesive Soils Estimated by Directional Modes of In-Situ Shear Wave Velocity

The estimated undrained shear strength (s_u) is often not a unique value because it can be evaluated by various test types and/or procedures, such as different failure modes, shear strain rates, and boundary conditions. This study explores (1) the relationship between reference undrained shear strength and in situ shear wave velocity in terms of the effective overburden stress, and (2) the independent relationships to evaluate the undrained shear strength with special consideration of different directional and polarization modes (VH, HV, HH shear waves), which has not been reported. This evaluation is done via a worldwide database compiled from 43 well-documented geotechnical test sites associated with soft ground. Finally, new correlation models are proposed to estimate the undrained shear strength based on the in situ shear wave velocity as well as the plasticity index or the overconsolidation ratio. The application of the shear wave velocity–undrained shear strength relation is illustrated through two independent case studies. The proposed relationships are expected to contribute to reasonable estimates of undrained shear strength as well as offer practical guidance on even extrapolation beyond the data that is available to geotechnical engineers.     

Dasycladacean alga <Emphasis Type="Italic">Palaeodasycladus</Emphasis> in the northern Tethys (West Carpathians,Poland) and its new palaeogeographic range during the Early Jurassic

The green alga Palaeodasycladus was recognized in Lower Jurassic shallow-marine high-energy calcarenites of the Cho? Nappe (Hronicum Domain) in the Tatra Mts in Poland. This occurrence indicates the most Northern record of Palaeodasycladus as it is known mostly from the southern part of the Western Tethys. The stratigraphic range of Palaeodasycladus (Norian, Sinemurian–Pliensbachian) and the upper Pliensbachian age of the overlying calcarenites (previous data on the basis of brachiopods) suggest that the studied part of the section was deposited during the Sinemurian–early Pliensbachian. The previous and current reports on occurrences of Palaeodasycladus allowed determination of a new northern palaeogeographic range of the shallow-marine Mediterranean biota during the Early Jurassic time.     

地理学视角下土地利用/覆被分类发展探讨

随着对地观测和互联网技术的发展,地理大数据时代正在到来,其多尺度、长时序、多模态等海量“超”覆盖数据为土地利用/覆被（Land Use/Land Cover, 简称LULC）分类及变化检测带来巨大的机遇,支撑着新时代人、地两大系统相互作用关系的认知和实践。然而,多数地理学者认为地理学基本原理与核心思想并未因为大数据的到来而发生本质性变化。所以,从地理学基本原理角度理解LULC分类的发展,尤其在地理大数据时代的发展方向,不失为一条可行的途径。为此,本文从区域、尺度、综合三方面的地理学基本原理视角将LULC分类技术的发展划分为地球观测数据匮乏阶段、人类行为数据融合阶段以及地理大数据“超”覆盖阶段分别探讨分析,以期主动把握LULC分类技术及应用的未来发展趋势。研究结果显示：在地球观测数据匮乏阶段,LULC分类多以类型还不丰富的遥感数据源,在空间分辨率较低的像元尺度上,进行以地表覆被状态为主的分类;发展到人类行为数据融合阶段,LULC分类在城市区域率先出现了对地观测数据和人类行为数据相融合,在街区尺度上进行以空间功能异质性划分、识别为主导的城市功能区分类;在地理大数据“超”覆盖阶段,LULC分类将实现多尺度协同、面向全空间的功能异质性划分,并在主体功能的基础上融合“社会-经济-自然”多维定量属性,本文称之为“空间场景”。希望本文的探讨能够为地理大数据时代LULC分类的新技术发展和新产品应用提供有益启示。     

The mineralogy,geochemistry, and suitability for ceramic applications of Akharım (Afyonkarahisar,W Turkey) kaolinitic clay

Kaolinitic clays associated with sedimentary rocks cover widespread in the Yeniköy formation from the Akhar?m district, (Afyonkarahisar, W Anatolia). Due to the proximity to the ceramic industry areas such as Kütahya and U?ak Province of Turkey, the clays in the Akhar?m district have been intensively exploited for the last few years. The Akhar?m kaolinitic clays were hosted by Middle-Upper Miocene-aged Yeniköy formation and divided into two parts as northeastern and southwestern via normal fault. The alteration degree increases from lower levels to surface in the NE part of deposit. Besides layered structure in their N70° W/30° SW direction and gray-beige, yellowish brown colored in SW part. This study focused on mineralogy, geochemistry, and ceramic properties of kaolinitic clays. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis, chemical, physical, and mechanical tests were conducted on studied samples from the wall of clay quarry. Akhar?m clay deposits consist of mainly kaolinite and quartz. Additionally, they include smectite, biotite, feldspar, jarosite, calcite, and hematite minerals. Akhar?m clays are characterized with their moderate plasticity (PL = 17.07–24.09), low water absorption (3.64–9.53 wt.%), low linear shrinkage (8.08–15.55 wt.%), high bending strength (17.72–32.69 N/mm²), and ideal lightness values (L* = 46.50–82.74) and color values (a* = 4.71–29.87; b* = 14.67–28.72). These properties vary related with mineralogical and geochemical features of Akhar?m clays. In conclusion, Akhar?m clays have desired specifications for floor and wall t to their mineralogical, geochemical, and ceramic properties.