全文获取类型
收费全文 | 388篇 |
免费 | 7篇 |
国内免费 | 11篇 |
专业分类
测绘学 | 9篇 |
大气科学 | 15篇 |
地球物理 | 130篇 |
地质学 | 127篇 |
海洋学 | 22篇 |
天文学 | 76篇 |
综合类 | 6篇 |
自然地理 | 21篇 |
出版年
2022年 | 4篇 |
2021年 | 2篇 |
2020年 | 6篇 |
2019年 | 2篇 |
2018年 | 11篇 |
2017年 | 14篇 |
2016年 | 16篇 |
2015年 | 11篇 |
2014年 | 12篇 |
2013年 | 20篇 |
2012年 | 15篇 |
2011年 | 30篇 |
2010年 | 15篇 |
2009年 | 27篇 |
2008年 | 17篇 |
2007年 | 19篇 |
2006年 | 12篇 |
2005年 | 10篇 |
2004年 | 16篇 |
2003年 | 8篇 |
2002年 | 9篇 |
2001年 | 10篇 |
2000年 | 5篇 |
1999年 | 5篇 |
1998年 | 9篇 |
1997年 | 5篇 |
1996年 | 4篇 |
1995年 | 10篇 |
1994年 | 3篇 |
1993年 | 4篇 |
1992年 | 2篇 |
1991年 | 4篇 |
1990年 | 6篇 |
1988年 | 2篇 |
1987年 | 7篇 |
1985年 | 6篇 |
1984年 | 8篇 |
1983年 | 3篇 |
1982年 | 3篇 |
1981年 | 3篇 |
1980年 | 3篇 |
1979年 | 2篇 |
1978年 | 3篇 |
1977年 | 5篇 |
1976年 | 2篇 |
1973年 | 3篇 |
1971年 | 2篇 |
1970年 | 2篇 |
1961年 | 1篇 |
1960年 | 2篇 |
排序方式: 共有406条查询结果,搜索用时 172 毫秒
371.
The maximum magnitude, the activity rate, and the Gutenberg-Richterb parameter as earthquake hazard parameters, have been evaluated for Sweden. The maximum likelihood method permits the combination of historical and instrumental data. The catalog used consists of 1100 earthquakes in the time interval 1375–1989. The extreme part of the catalog contains only the strongest historical earthquakes, whereas the complete part is divided into several subcatalogs, each assumed complete above a specified threshold magnitude. The uncertainty in magnitude determination was taken into account. For southern Sweden, the calculations giveb-values of 1.04 (0.05) for the whole area south of 60° N and 0.98 (0.06) for a subregion of enhanced seismicity in the Lake Vänern area. For the whole area north of 60° N, theb-value is 1.35 (0.06) and for the seismicity zone along the Gulf of Bothnia 1.26 (0.06). The number of annually expected earthquakes with magnitude equal to or larger than 2.4 [ML(UPP) or MM(UPP)] is 1.8 for the whole southern Sweden, 1.3 for the Lake Vänern region, 3.7 for northern Sweden, and 2.4 for the region along the Gulf of Bothnia. The maximum expected regional magnitude is calculated to 4.9 (0.5) for a time span of 615 years for southern Sweden and the Lake Vänern subregion, and 4.3 (0.5) for a time span of 331 years for northern Sweden and the Gulf of Bothnia subregion. However, several historical earthquakes with magnitude above 5 in nearby areas of Norway indicate that the seismic potential may be higher. 相似文献
372.
This paper presents a method, which has been recently developed in the Department of Agrometeorology of the Poznań Agricultural University, for estimating heat balance components based on standard meteorological data, plant development stage, and land-use conditions. Estimates of latent heat flux components made it possible to obtain values of areal evapotranspiration and surface runoff. The method was applied in four catchment areas in Central Poland under present climatic conditions as well as under new, expected climatic conditions caused by an increase of ‘greenhouse gases’ in the atmosphere. Some changes in land use were also considered. The results show significant changes in the water balance when comparing present and future conditions of precipitation and evapotranspiration. 相似文献
373.
Zdeněk Dolníček Bohuslav Fojt Walter Prochaska Jan Kučera Petr Sulovský 《Mineralium Deposita》2009,44(1):81-97
The Zálesí vein-type deposit is hosted by Early Paleozoic high-grade metamorphic rocks on the northern margin of the Bohemian
Massif. The mineralization is composed of three main stages: uraninite, arsenide, and sulfide. The mineral assemblages formed
at low temperatures (~80 to 130°C, locally even lower) and low pressures (<100 bars). The salinity of the aqueous hydrothermal
fluids (0 to 27 wt.% salts) and their chemical composition vary significantly. Early fluids of the oldest uraninite stage
contain a small admixture of a clathrate-forming gas, possibly CO2. Salinity correlates with oxygen isotope signature of the fluid and suggests mixing of brines [δ
18O around +2‰ relative to standard mean ocean water (SMOW)] with meteoric waters (δ
18O around −4‰ SMOW). The fluid is characterized by highly variable halogen ratios (molar Br/Cl = 0.8 × 10−3 to 5.3 × 10−3; molar I/Cl = 5.7 × 10−6 to 891 × 10−6) indicating a dominantly external origin for the brines, i.e., from evaporated seawater, which mixed with iodine-enriched
halite dissolution brine. The cationic composition of these fluids indicates extensive interaction of the initial brines with
their country rocks, likely associated with leaching of sulfur, carbon, and metals. The brines possibly originated from Permian–Triassic
evaporites in the neighboring Polish Basin, infiltrated into the basement during post-Variscan extension and were finally
expelled along faults giving rise to the vein-type mineralization. Cenozoic reactivation by low-salinity, low-δ
18O (around −10‰ SMOW) fluids of mainly meteoric origin resulted in partial replacement of primary uraninite by coffinite-like
mineral aggregates. 相似文献
374.
Tennille E. Mares Andrzej P. Radliński Tim A. Moore David Cookson P. Thiyagarajan Jan Ilavsky Jürgen Klepp 《International Journal of Coal Geology》2009,77(1-2):54-68
Small angle scattering techniques (SAXS and SANS) have been used to investigate the microstructural properties of the subbituminous coals (Rmax 0.42–0.45%) from the Huntly Coalfield, New Zealand. Samples were collected from the two thick (> 5 m) coal seams in the coalfield and have been analysed for methane and carbon dioxide sorption capacity, petrography, pore size distribution, specific surface area and porosity.Specific surface area (SSA) available for carbon dioxide adsorption, extrapolated to a probe size of 4 Å, ranged from 1.25 × 106 cm? 1 to 4.26 × 106 cm? 1 with total porosity varying from 16% to 25%. Porosity was found to be predominantly composed of microporosity, which contributed the majority of the available SSA. Although considerable variation was seen between samples, the results fit well with published rank trends.Gas holding capacity at the reservoir pressure (approximately 4 MPa) ranged from 2.63 to 4.18 m3/t for methane on a dry, ash-free basis (daf) and from 22.00 to 23.72 m3/t daf for carbon dioxide. The resulting ratio of CO2:CH4 ranged from 5.7 to 8.6, with an average of 6.7:1.Holding capacities for both methane and carbon dioxide on a dry ash free basis (daf) were found to be correlated with sample microporosity. However, holding capacities for the two gases on an as analysed (aa) basis (that is including mineral matter and moisture), showed no such correlation. Carbon dioxide (aa) does show a negative correlation with both specific surface area and microporosity. As the coals have low inorganic matter content, the reversal is thought to be related to moisture which is likely concentrated in the pore size range 12.5–125 Å. Methane holding capacity, both daf and aa, correlates with macroporosity, thus suggesting that the holding capacity of micropores is diminished by the presence of moisture in the pores. 相似文献
375.
On the behaviour of liquefied soil 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Engineering mechanics of liquefied soil is presented. Firstly, experimental methods and their results are described in order to show that liquefied soil can be approximated as a viscous fluid. The experiments proposed allow for determination of dynamic viscosity of liquefied soil, which is of the order of 106 Ns/m2. This value agrees with some theoretical estimates. Then, the model of viscous fluid is applied to practically important problems, in order to predict sinking of structures in liquefied subsoil, and to describe underwater flows of seabed. Enclosed examples show that the model and methods proposed lead to realistic results and, therefore, can be applied in engineering calculations. 相似文献
376.
Optimization framework for calibration of constitutive models enhanced by neural networks 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
A two‐level procedure designed for the estimation of constitutive model parameters is presented in this paper. The neural network (NN) approach at the first level is applied to achieve the first approximation of parameters. This technique is used to avoid potential pitfalls related to the conventional gradient‐based optimization techniques, considered here as a corrector that improves predicted parameters. The feed‐forward NN (FFNN) and the modified Gauss–Newton algorithms are briefly presented. The proposed framework is verified for the elasto‐plastic modified Cam Clay model that can be calibrated based on standard triaxial laboratory tests, i.e. the isotropic consolidation test and the drained compression test. Two different formulations of the input data to the NN, enhanced by a dimensional reduction of experimental data using principal component analysis, are presented. The determination of model characteristics is demonstrated, first on numerical pseudo‐experiments and then on the experimental data. The efficiency of the proposed approach by means of accuracy and computational effort is also discussed. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
377.
Russell S. Harmon Jeremiah Remus Nancy J. McMillan Catherine McManus Leslie Collins Jennifer L. Gottfried Jr. Frank C. DeLucia Andrzej W. Miziolek 《Applied Geochemistry》2009
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a simple atomic emission spectroscopy technique capable of real-time, essentially non-destructive determination of the elemental composition of any substance (solid, liquid, or gas). LIBS, which is presently undergoing rapid research and development as a technology for geochemical analysis, has attractive potential as a field tool for rapid man-portable and/or stand-off chemical analysis. In LIBS, a pulsed laser beam is focused such that energy absorption produces a high-temperature microplasma at the sample surface resulting in the dissociation and ionization of small amounts of material, with both continuum and atomic/ionic emission generated by the plasma during cooling. A broadband spectrometer-detector is used to spectrally and temporally resolve the light from the plasma and record the intensity of elemental emission lines. Because the technique is simultaneously sensitive to all elements, a single laser shot can be used to track the spectral intensity of specific elements or record the broadband LIBS emission spectra, which are unique chemical ‘fingerprints’ of a material. In this study, a broad spectrum of geological materials was analyzed using a commercial bench-top LIBS system with broadband detection from ∼200 to 965 nm, with multiple single-shot spectra acquired. The subsequent use of statistical signal processing approaches to rapidly identify and classify samples highlights the potential of LIBS for ‘geochemical fingerprinting’ in a variety of geochemical, mineralogical, and environmental applications that would benefit from either real-time or in-field chemical analysis. 相似文献
378.
Highly mineralized waters of different chemical types and origin occur in the flysch formations and their bedrocks in the western part of the Polish Carpathians. The marine sedimentation water of the flysch formations is not preserved, as the most mineralized and the heaviest isotopic values of flysch waters are characterized by δ18O and δ2H values in the ranges of 5–7‰ and −(20–30)‰, respectively. Their origin is related to the dehydration of clay minerals during burial diagenesis, with molecules of marine water completely removed by molecules of released bound water. They are relatively enriched in Na+ in respect to the marine water, supposedly due to the release of Na+ during the illitization of smectites and preferable incorporation of other cations from the primary brine into newly formed minerals. In some parts of younger formations, i.e. in the Badenian sediments, brines occur with isotopic composition close to SMOW and Cl− contents greatly exceeding the typical marine value of about 19.6 g/L, supposedly due to ultrafiltration. Most probably, the marine water of the flysch formations was similarly enriched chemically in its initial burial stages. Final Cl− contents in diagenetic waters depend on different Cl− contents in the primary brines and on relationships between diagenetic and further ultrafiltration processes. In some areas, diagenetic waters migrate to the surface along fault zones and mix with young local meteoric waters becoming diluted, with the isotope composition scattering along typical mixing lines. In areas with independent CO2 flow from great depths, they form chloride CO2-rich waters. Common CO2-rich waters are formed in areas without near-surface occurrences of diagenetic waters. They change from the HCO3–Ca type for modern waters to HCO3–Mg–Ca, HCO3–Na–Ca and other types with elevated TDS, Mg2+ and/or Na− contents for old waters reaching even those of glacial age. Bedrocks of the flysch are represented by Mesozoic and Paleozoic mudstones, sandstones and carbonates, and in some areas by Badenian sediments. Brines of the Mesozoic and Paleozoic bedrocks are usually significantly enriched in Ca2+ and Mg2+ in comparison with the Badenian brines. By analogy to the deepest brines in the adjacent Upper Silesian Coal Basin, they are supposed to originate from paleometeoric waters of a hot climate. 相似文献
379.
Andrzej Aniszewski 《Acta Geophysica》2009,57(2):435-453
The paper addresses the 2D mathematical equation of conservative contaminant transport in an aquifer for chosen contaminants.
The contaminants (chlorides and sulfates) are subject to instantaneous reversible part of sorption process. The term of instantaneous
reversible sorption in the presented equation has been described by the non-linear Freundlich adsorption isotherm, widely
applied in practice in relation to static processes (for local equilibrium). The numerical solution (using the finite difference
method) has been based on the previously calculated values of longitudinal and transverse dispersion coefficients and the
non-linear adsorption parameters for the chosen contaminants. Based on this model, the values of chloride and sulfate concentration
isolines have been calculated and compared with the measured maximal concentrations in the chosen natural aquifer (installed
piezometers). Additionally, the values of chloride concentrations have been calculated taking into account the influence of
radioactive decay term, using the numerical value of the firstorder decay rate constant for an adopted theoretical radionuclide. 相似文献
380.