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991.
M. A. Short S. Lamontagne P. G. Cook R. Cranswick 《Australian Journal of Earth Sciences》2013,60(2):319-331
The spatial and temporal distribution of near-shore fresh submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) was characterised from the coastal aquifers of the Willunga Basin, South Australia, an extensive aquifer system that supports an important viticultural region. Measurements of electrical conductivity (EC) and 222Rn (radon) activity were collected at 19 sites along the coastline during the Southern Hemisphere spring (2011) and summer (2013). At each site, samples were collected from the surf zone as well asporewater from beach sediment in the intertidal zone. Surf-zone radon activity ranged from <5 to 70mBq L–1, and intertidal porewater radon ranged over two orders of magnitude (220–36 940 mBq L–1) along the Willunga Basin coastline during both surveys. Overall, surf-zone and porewater EC was lower in the spring 2011 survey than in the summer 2013 survey. Porewater EC was similar to that of coastal water at most sites along the coastline, except at three sites where porewater EC was found to be lower than coastal water during both surveys, and three sites where evaporated seawater was observed in the summer survey. Based on the patterns in radon and EC along the coastline, two sites of localised fresh SGD were identified, in addition to a groundwater spring that is known to discharge to the coast. The results indicate that near-shore fresh SGD occurs as localised seeps rather than diffuse seepage along the entire coastline. The apparent absence of groundwater discharge at most locations is also consistent with current evidence suggesting that extensive groundwater pumping within the basin has resulted in seawater intrusion across much of the coastline. These observations also suggest that previous studies are likely to have over-estimated SGD rates from the Willunga Basin because they assumed that SGD occurred along the entire coastline. 相似文献
992.
V. A. Nikishin N. A. Malyshev A. M. Nikishin D. Yu. Golovanov V. F. Proskurnin A. V. Soloviev R. F. Kulemin E. S. Morgunova G. V. Ulyanov P. A. Fokin 《Doklady Earth Sciences》2017,473(2):402-405
New data on the ages of detrital zircons from folded basement rocks and cover sediments of the Severnaya Zemlya archipelago and Izvestiy TSIK islands have been obtained. The basement age is defined as Cambrian (pre-Ordovician). The Ordovician and Silurian sandstones were mainly formed by erosion of the basement rocks. The Devonian sandstones were formed by debris sourced from the Caledonian orogen. The Carboniferous–Early Permian molasse was formed simultaneously with the erosion of the Carboniferous granitoids and weathering of the Ordovician volcanic arc rocks and the Cambrian basement. The North Kara basin was formed in the Ordovician as a back-arc basin. It experienced its main compression deformations at the boundary of the Devonian and Carboniferous and in the Carboniferous. 相似文献
993.
994.
I. Kenis Ph. Muchez G. Verhaert A. Boyce M. Sintubin 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》2005,150(1):102-118
Fluid inclusions in quartz veins of the High-Ardenne slate belt have preserved remnants of prograde and retrograde metamorphic
fluids. These fluids were examined by petrography, microthermometry and Raman analysis to define the chemical and spatial
evolution of the fluids that circulated through the metamorphic area of the High-Ardenne slate belt. The earliest fluid type
was a mixed aqueous/gaseous fluid (H2O–NaCl–CO2–(CH4–N2)) occurring in growth zones and as isolated fluid inclusions in both the epizonal and anchizonal part of the metamorphic
area. In the central part of the metamorphic area (epizone), in addition to this mixed aqueous/gaseous fluid, primary and
isolated fluid inclusions are also filled with a purely gaseous fluid (CO2–N2–CH4). During the Variscan orogeny, the chemical composition of gaseous fluids circulating through the Lower Devonian rocks in
the epizonal part of the slate belt, evolved from an earlier CO2–CH4–N2 composition to a later composition enriched in N2. Finally, a late, Variscan aqueous fluid system with a H2O–NaCl composition migrated through the Lower Devonian rocks. This latest type of fluid can be observed in and outside the
epizonal metamorphic part of the High-Ardenne slate belt. The chemical composition of the fluids throughout the metamorphic
area, shows a direct correlation with the metamorphic grade of the host rock. In general, the proportion of non-polar species
(i.e. CO2, CH4, N2) with respect to water and the proportion of non-polar species other than CO2 increase with increasing metamorphic grade within the slate belt. In addition to this spatial evolution of the fluids, the
temporal evolution of the gaseous fluids is indicative for a gradual maturation due to metamorphism in the central part of
the basin. In addition to the maturity of the metamorphic fluids, the salinity of the aqueous fluids also shows a link with
the metamorphic grade of the host-rock. For the earliest and latest fluid inclusions in the anchizonal part of the High-Ardenne
slate belt the salinity varies respectively between 0 and 3.5 eq.wt% NaCl and between 0 and 2.7 eq.wt% NaCl, while in the
epizonal part the salinity varies between 0.6 and 17 eq.wt% NaCl and between 3 and 10.6 eq.wt% for the earliest and latest
aqueous fluid inclusions, respectively. Although high salinity fluids are often attributed to the original sedimentary setting,
the increasing salinity of the fluids that circulated through the Lower Devonian rocks in the High-Ardenne slate belt can
be directly attributed to regional metamorphism. More specifically the salinity of the primary fluid inclusions is related
to hydrolysis reactions of Cl-bearing minerals during prograde metamorphism, while the salinity of the secondary fluid inclusions
is rather related to hydration reactions during retrograde metamorphism. The temporal and spatial distribution of the fluids
in the High-Ardenne slate belt are indicative for a closed fluid flow system present in the Lower Devonian rocks during burial
and Variscan deformation, where fluids were in thermal and chemical equilibrium with the host rock. Such a closed fluid flow
system is confirmed by stable isotope study of the veins and their adjacent host rock for which uniform δ180 values of both the veins and their host rock demonstrate a rock-buffered fluid flow system. 相似文献
995.
Karen G. Villholth Jegan Ganeshamoorthy Christian M. Rundblad Theis S. Knudsen 《Hydrogeology Journal》2013,21(7):1481-1495
A simple but comprehensive framework for analysing the potential for and constraints to groundwater development for irrigated agriculture in sub-Saharan Africa is proposed. The framework, based on food value chain principles, is applied to the sub-Saharan context and a specific catchment in Tanzania, the Usangu plains, where groundwater has been proposed as a strategic resource for augmenting food production and smallholder livelihoods and to alleviate seasonal water scarcity. The novel contribution of the work is the presentation of a tool that can be applied to support an interdisciplinary approach to systematically identify most significant barriers and most critical water management and development interventions for sustainable development of groundwater irrigation. The result of the case study shows that farmer economics, capacity, and pump and well drilling market constraints limit groundwater irrigation in the Usangu plains rather than hydrogeological conditions. 相似文献
996.
V. J. Loveson A. R. Gujar S. D. Iyer P. Srivastava G. M. Tirodkar R. A. A. Luis 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2014,72(10):4155-4166
The ground-penetrating radar (GPR) was used to trace the subsurface details in the Palshet coastal zone (Maharashtra) as it exhibits an interesting array of geomorphological features. Furthermore, our main goal was to identify and locate features that might have formed during a reported extreme event and its effects on the flow of the nearby Sundri River. Two profiles (8 and 4 m depth) were collected across the beach and along the backshore, respectively. While the 8-m depth profile (west to east; across the beach) indicates a series of coastline regression in this area, the 4-m depth profile along the coastline (north to south) in the backshore zone reveals two significant incidents viz., (1) stages of development of the paleo-channels that indicate the migration of the Sundri River towards south and (2) huge sediment deposits up to 2.5-m thick in the backshore area. The erosional relict surface (~2.5 m depth) was traced along with various spells of sediments that perhaps occurred due to an extreme event. Sand samples were collected from two trial pits along the GPR profiles to understand the sedimentology and mineralogy in the backshore area. These data together with beach profiles and geomorphological maps suggest that the sands were deposited by an extreme event perhaps during the 1854 cyclonic storm. The sands were trapped in suitable geomorphological sites along the Palshet coast and these sand deposits of about 2.5 m thickness forced the River Sundri to shift its course towards the south. This new revelation facilitates a further study that could focus on the nearby coastal areas to document such extreme event deposits and their influence on the geomorphic set-up. 相似文献
997.
An Atomic Force Microscopy study of the growth of calcite in the presence of sodium sulfate 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Aikaterini I. Vavouraki Christine V. Putnis Andrew Putnis Petros G. Koutsoukos 《Chemical Geology》2008,253(3-4):243-251
In situ atomic force microscopy (AFM) has been used to compare the growth of pure calcite and the growth of calcite in the presence of sulfate ions from aqueous solutions at a constant value of supersaturation (S.I. = 0.89) with respect to calcite. The effect of sulfate ions on calcite growth rates is determined and a potential incorporation of sulfate ions is identified in the calcite during growth. Solutions supersaturated with respect to calcite with solution concentration ratio of one and a constant pH of 10.2, were prepared and sulfate was added as Na2SO4 aqueous solution. The solution composition was readjusted in order to keep the supersaturation and pH constant. PHREEQC was used to determine relevant solution concentrations. In situ AFM experiments of calcite growth were performed using a fluid cell and flowing solutions passed over a freshly cleaved calcite surface. Growth rates were determined from the closure of the rhombohedral etch pits induced by initial dissolution with pure water. The spreading rate of 2-dimensional nuclei was also measured. At low concentrations of sulfate (≤ 0.5 mM), no effect on the growth rate of the calcite was observed. At higher concentrations (2 to 3 mM) of sulfate, the growth rate increased, possibly because a higher concentration of calcium and carbonate was necessary to maintain the supersaturation constant. At much higher concentrations of additional sulfate (up to 60 mM) the growth rate of the calcite was substantially decreased, despite the fact that a further increase of calcium and carbonate was required. The morphology of 2-dimensional growth nuclei became increasingly elongated with increasing sulfate content. Measurements of step height showed that newly grown steps were approximately 1 Å higher when grown in high sulfate concentrations, compared to steps grown in sulfate-free solutions. At sulfate concentrations above 5 mM the growth mechanism changes from layer growth to surface roughening. These observations suggest that the new growth has incorporated sulfate into the calcite surface. 相似文献
998.
A wind velocity measuring system based on the Gill propeller anemometer is described. A method of calculating the vertical component, which allows for the non-cosine response and avoids the region of stall and nonlinear operation, is presented. A summary of the possible errors in Reynolds stress and drag coefficient estimates is given. A method of establishing the distance constant using field observations is presented. Finally, some preliminary results and some intercomparisons with otheranemometers are described briefly. 相似文献
999.
1000.
A project intended to examine the long-standing claims that extragalactic redshifts are periodic or quantized was initiated some years ago at the Royal Observatory, Edinburgh. The approach taken is outlined, and the main conclusions to date are summarized. The existence of a galactocentric redshift quantization is confirmed at a high confidence level. 相似文献