新疆戈壁地区近地面大气折射率结构常数观测对比

利用大口径闪烁仪和QHTP-2型温度脉动仪对新疆戈壁地区近地面大气折射率结构常数进行对比观测。结果表明：两种仪器测量所得大气折射率结构常数具有较好的相关性,皮尔森相关系数达0.68。大口径闪烁仪所测结果符合新疆戈壁地区近地面大气湍流强度日变化特征,与温度脉动仪测量结果随时间变化趋势基本一致。两种仪器测量结果在数量级上存在的差异,可能是由测量原理、测量高度、大气稳定状态等因素造成的。     

巴丹吉林沙漠拐子湖地表辐射与能量平衡特征

利用2013年7月、10月和2014年1月、4月巴丹吉林沙漠北缘拐子湖流动沙地地表辐射、土壤热通量、土壤温湿度和湍流通量等观测资料,分析了拐子湖地区地表辐射收支和能量通量在不同季节条件下的日变化特征及能量分配和闭合状况。结果表明:地表辐射各分量和能量平衡分量的月平均日变化结果整体均表现为标准的单峰型日循环形态,受不同季节影响,日变化曲线存在显著的季节变化差异,各分量均呈7月最大、1月最小、4月大于10月, 1月和7月的R_s↓、R_s↑、R_l↑、R_l↓、R_n日均值依次为98.9 W·m^-2和614.6 W·m^-2、34.6 W·m^-2和87.3 W·m^-2、276.9 W·m^-2和494.2 W·m^-2、214.8 W·m^-2和385.0 W·m^-2、0.4 W·m^-2和128.7 W·m^-2。与塔中、肖塘等地相比,该区域具有相对较高的地表反照率,整体呈冬季高夏季低,年均0.34。1月和7月的H、LE、G₀日均值依次为4.7 W·m^-2和78.8 W·m^-2、0.3 W·m^-2和20.3 W·m^-2、2.9 W·m^-2和35.0 W·m^-2。从能量分配来看,研究区干旱的气候和极低的植被覆盖造成了各季节全天潜热通量占净辐射份额始终较小,白天以感热为能量的主要消耗形式,土壤热通量次之。此外,R_n于正午达到日峰值后逐渐减小,受辐射强迫升温的地面以感热形式对空气的热量输送却不断持续,而促使H/R_n日间始终保持明显的增长趋势。     

Synthesis of Calix[4]arene‐grafted Magnetite Nanoparticles and Evaluation of Their Arsenate as Well as Dichromate Removal Efficiency

In this study, 5,17‐bis‐[(4‐benzylpiperidine)methyl]‐25,26,27,28‐tetrahydroxy‐calix[4]arene ( 3 ) has been prepared by the treatment of calix[4]arene with a secondary amine (4‐benzylpiperidine) and formaldehyde by means of Mannich reaction. The prepared Mannich base ( 3 ) has been grafted onto [3‐(2,3‐epoxypropoxy)‐propyl]‐trimethoxysilane‐modified Fe₃O₄ magnetite nanoparticles (EPPTMS‐MN) in order to obtain 5,17‐bis‐[(4‐benzylpiperidine)methyl]‐25,26,27,28‐tetrahydroxy calix[4]arene‐grafted EPPTMS‐MN (BP‐calix[4]arene‐grafted Fe₃O₄). All new compounds were characterized by a combination of FTIR and ¹H‐NMR analyses. The morphology of the magnetic nanoparticles was examined by transmission electron microscopy. Moreover, the studies regarding the removal of arsenate and dichromate ions from the aqueous solutions were also carried out by using 5,17‐bis‐[(4‐benzylpiperidine)methyl]‐25,26,27,28‐tetrahydroxy‐calix[4]arene in liquid–liquid extraction and BP‐calix[4]arene‐grafted Fe₃O₄ ( 4 ) in solid–liquid extraction experiments. The extraction results indicated that 3 is protonated at proton‐switchable binding sites in acidic conditions. Hence, facilitating binding of arsenate and dichromate is resulted from both electrostatic interactions and hydrogen bonding. To understand the selectivity of 3 , the retention of dichromate anions in the presence of Cl⁻, NO, and SO anions at pH 1.5 was also examined.     

Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry Determination of Trace Amounts of Cadmium and Zinc in Water Samples after Preconcentration onto Modified Amberlite XAD‐4 Resin

In the present article, a procedure for the simultaneous separation and preconcentration of trace amounts of cadmium and zinc is proposed. It is based on the adsorption of cadmium and zinc ions onto a column of Amberlite XAD‐4 resin loaded with aluminon reagent. Cadmium and zinc ions are quantitatively retained on the column in the pH range from 6.5–7.5, at a flow rate of 2 mL min^–1. The cadmium and zinc ions are eluted with 5.0 mL of 5 mol L^–1 HNO₃ solution. Cadmium and zinc are measured by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS). In the present case, 0.1 μg of cadmium and 0.5 μg of zinc can be concentrated in the column from 1000 mL of aqueous sample, where their concentrations are as low as 0.1 and 0.5 ng mL^–1, respectively. The relative standard deviations, for seven replicated determinations of 1.0 μg mL^–1 of cadmium and zinc, are 1.2 and 1.1%, respectively. The detection limits for cadmium and zinc in the original solution are 0.02 and 0.11 ng mL^–1, respectively. The interference of a large number of anions and cations has been studied and the optimized conditions are utilized for the determination of trace amounts of cadmium and zinc in different environmental and standard samples.     

塔克拉玛干沙漠塔中地区春夏季风蚀起沙研究

利用塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地塔中地区的观测资料,对塔中地区春夏季地表土壤风蚀起沙的临界摩擦速度及其变化特征和起沙风速进行了分析研究,并计算了2008年4月19日和7月19日两次沙尘暴天气过程沙漠地表的风蚀起沙量。结果表明:塔中地区春夏季地表起沙的临界摩擦速度为0.26 m·s-1;2 m高度的临界起沙风速约为4.1 m·s-1;两次沙尘暴过程的顺风向沙粒通量和垂直尘粒通量的平均值分别为17.44×10-4 kg·m-1·s-1 、13.8×10-8 kg·m-2·s-1、164.69×10-4 kg·m-1·s-1和799.77×10-8 kg·m-2·s-1;沙尘通量的变化与风速及摩擦速度的变化具有一致性。     

Heavy metals in the benthic foraminifera from the coastal lagoons,Red Sea,Egypt: indicators of anthropogenic impact on environment (case study)

Concentrations of Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Pb, Ni, and Cd were measured in several species and genera of Recent benthic foraminifera from three coastal lagoons, namely Abu-Shaar, Umm al-Huwaytat, and Marsa Shuni lagoons located along the Egyptian Red Sea coast. Spatially significant differences in the metal concentrations of benthic foraminifera were recorded among different sites. However, some foraminiferal species display deformation in their coiling, general shape of chambers and the apertures. Abu-Shaar and Umm al-Huwaytat lagoons are virtually influenced by anthropogenic activities while Marsa Shuni lagoon is affected by natural inputs. Benthic foraminifer shows high concentrations of Fe and Mn, especially in Umm al-Huwaytat lagoon. Foraminiferal black tests support this result and reflect selectivity for iron absorption. Among the metals analyzed, Cd, Pb, and Cu showed significant high concentrations in benthic foraminifera at the study areas. The anthropogenic activities and natural inputs are responsible for the abnormalities in benthic foraminifera. Therefore, benthic foraminifera can be used as a good indicator of the environmental changes.