Causes and consequences of environmental degradation along the Shatt Al–Arab River: a coupled human and natural systems (CHANS) perspective

GeoJournal - The Shatt Al-Arab River region (SARR) in Iraq was an economically important area for food production. By the 1970s the environment of this region had begun to deteriorate, and since...     

Sedimentological,Geochemical and Hydrogeochemical Studies of Alluvial Fans for Mineral and Environmental Purposes (Case Study of Southwestern Iran)

Lithology and Mineral Resources - The alluvial-fan sediments play a very important role in mineral reserves and underground water resources, though a comprehensive study on such sediments,...     

Investigating the effects of land use change on flood hydrograph using HEC-HMS hydrologic model (case study: Ekbatan Dam)

Natural Hazards - Hydrological modeling academic studies have focused on the response to human-caused land use changes. The effects of land use change on flood degree in the catchment basin of...     

Landslide Susceptibility Mapping Using GIS-based Fuzzy Logic and the Analytical Hierarchical Processes Approach: A Case Study in Constantine (North-East Algeria)

The main purpose of this study was to compare and evaluate the performance of two multicriteria models for landslide susceptibility assessment in Constantine, north-east of Algeria. The landslide susceptibility maps were produced using the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and Fuzzy AHP (FAHP) via twelve landslides conditioning factors, including the slope gradient, lithology, land cover, distance from drainage network, distance from the roads, distance from faults, topographic wetness index, stream power index, slope curvature, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index, slope aspect and elevation. In this study, the mentioned models were used to derive the weighting value of the conditioning factors. For the validation process of these models, the receiver operating characteristic analysis, and the area under the curve (AUC) were applied by comparing the obtained results to The landslide inventory map which prepared using the archives of scientific publications, reports of local authorities, and field survey as well as analyzing satellite imagery. According to the AUC values, the FAHP model had the highest value (0.908) followed by the AHP model (0.777). As a result, the FAHP model is more consistent and accurate than the AHP in this case study. The outcome of this paper may be useful for landslide susceptibility assessment and land use management.

     

Stress/strain variability in fractured media: a fracture geometric study

Geotechnical and Geological Engineering - The presence of natural fractures in fractured media plays a vital role in the in-situ stress state, which is predominantly influenced by tectonic stresses...     

新疆天文台25m VLBI、GPS归心测量

介绍了2011年中国科学院新疆天文台南山站GPS和25m VLBI天线的归心测量方案、局域三角测量网、高程控制网与靶标交会测量方法及资料解算。利用测量数据,首次建立了南山GPS与VLBI空间大地测量技术并置站本地连接参数,测量精度优于1mm。     

Composition,Structure and Regeneration Dynamics of Olea ferruginea Royle Forests from Hindukush Range of Pakistan

The abundance of Olea ferruginea in Malakand Division has been significantly reduced across its distribution range due to anthropogenic pressure in the recent past. A number of initiatives were taken for grafting this species to obtain better seeds for oil production, without the basic information on their ecology and management. To address this knowledge gap, we quantified the composition, structure and regeneration dynamics of Olea ferruginea forests in Malakand Division, Hindukush range of Pakistan. In the present study, five communities dominated by Olea ferruginea were identified using Ward's agglomerative cluster analysis.Total tree density ranged from 153-2602 plants/ha, and basal area from 19.55 to 2353 m2 ha-1 with Olea having a relative density of 51% to 87% and basal area of 48% to 93%, respectively. The density of juveniles of the dominant and subordinate tree species were generally low which reflect their narrow distribution in the study area. Size-class distributions of O. ferruginea disclosed a bell-shaped pattern, indicating that forests were heavily exploited by local inhabitants in previous periods and recently by armed forces owing to security risks in the study area. The age(mean max. 300±34 years) and annual increment(3.2±1.2 years/cm) indicates that the species is long lived and generally slow growing among the different broad leaved species studied so far. However, the oldest trees can be found by the exploration of large diameter trees in the area. In addition, we found a stable linear relationship between the age and diameter(r2 = 0.779), indicating that diameter is a good predictor of age for this broad leaved species. In view of its relatively slow growth, longevity and positive ring-width characteristics O. ferruginea seems to be a suitable choice for dendroecological and dendrochronological studies in lesser Himalayan and Hindukush ranges of Pakistan. The results obtained from this study may help in understanding the composition, structure and regeneration dynamics of other subtropical broad leaved species.     

Electrocoagulation/Electroflotation Process for Removal of Organics and Microplastics in Laundry Wastewater

In the present research, laundry wastewater treatment is studied using the electrocoagulation/electroflotation process. For the optimization of treatment conditions such as electrode type (Al–Al, Al–Fe, Fe–Fe, and Fe–Al), initial pH (5–9), current (0.54–2.16 A), and application time (15–60 min), response surface methodology is used. Removal efficiencies of chemical oxygen demand (COD), color, anionic surfactant, microplastic, and phosphate are studied. It is determined that the most effective removal is obtained with 2.16 A current, pH 9, and 60 min reaction time using Fe–Al electrode. Here, 91%, 94%, 100%, and 98% removal efficiencies are achieved for COD, surfactant, color, and microplastic, respectively. The operating cost of the combined process is calculated as $1.32 m^?3 for the optimum removal parameters. The adsorption kinetics study shows that the removal follows second‐order kinetics. The laboratory‐scale test results indicate that the electrocoagulation/electroflotation process is feasible for the treatment of laundry wastewater.     

塔克拉玛干沙漠荒漠过渡带春季风沙活动特征——以肖塘为例

 通过对沙尘暴强化观测试验期间风速、跃移颗粒数、输沙量等资料的统计与计算,对塔克拉玛干沙漠北缘荒漠过渡带肖塘地区春季风沙活动进行了研究。结果表明,肖塘地区春季2 m高度1 s时距的起沙风速为4.9～5.0 m·s-1,1 min时距的起沙风速为4.4 m·s-1;起沙风速随着风速等级的增加,出现的频率相应减少,主要集中在4.4～8.4 m·s-1 之间;输沙势、输沙量的方位分布与起沙风相似,以ENE、E和ESE 3个方位为主,观测期间（1个月）总输沙势为80.8 VU,合成输沙势为13.7 VU,合成输沙势方向为241°;最大可能输沙总量为1 921.8 kg·m-1,合成输沙量为286.8 kg·m-1,合成输沙方向为235°,与输沙势的合成方向一致。