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31.
Yang Liu Alfred T. Anderson Colin J. N. Wilson Andrew M. Davis Ian M. Steele 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》2006,151(1):71-87
Large pyroclastic rhyolites are snapshots of evolving magma bodies, and preserved in their eruptive pyroclasts is a record
of evolution up to the time of eruption. Here we focus on the conditions and processes in the Oruanui magma that erupted at
26.5 ka from Taupo Volcano, New Zealand. The 530 km3 (void-free) of material erupted in the Oruanui event is comparable in size to the Bishop Tuff in California, but differs
in that rhyolitic pumice and glass compositions, although variable, did not change systematically with eruption order. We
measured the concentrations of H2O, CO2 and major and trace elements in zoned phenocrysts and melt inclusions from individual pumice clasts covering the range from
early to late erupted units. We also used cathodoluminescence imaging to infer growth histories of quartz phenocrysts. For
quartz-hosted inclusions, we studied both fully enclosed melt inclusions and reentrants (connecting to host melt through a
small opening). The textures and compositions of inclusions and phenocrysts reflect complex pre-eruptive processes of incomplete
assimilation/partial melting, crystallization differentiation, magma mixing and gas saturation. ‘Restitic’ quartz occurs in
seven of eight pumice clasts studied. Variations in dissolved H2O and CO2 in quartz-hosted melt inclusions reflect gas saturation in the Oruanui magma and crystallization depths of ∼3.5–7 km. Based
on variations of dissolved H2O and CO2 in reentrants, the amount of exsolved gas at the beginning of eruption increased with depth, corresponding to decreasing
density with depth. Pre-eruptive mixing of magma with varying gas content implies variations in magma bulk density that would
have driven convective mixing.
Electronic Supplementary Material Supplementary material is available for this article at and is accessible for authorized users. 相似文献
32.
Pravesh Debba Emmanuel J. M. Carranza Alfred Stein Freek D. van der Meer 《Mathematical Geosciences》2009,41(4):421-446
This paper describes a quantitative methodology for deriving optimal exploration target zones based on a probabilistic mineral
prospectivity map. The methodology is demonstrated in the Rodalquilar mineral district in Spain. A subset of known occurrences
of mineral deposits of the type sought was considered discovered and then used as training data, and a map of distances to
faults/fractures and three band ratio images of hyperspectral data were used as layers of spatial evidence in weights-of-evidence
(WofE) modeling of mineral prospectivity in the study area. A derived posterior probability map of mineral deposit occurrence
showing non-violation of the conditional independence assumption and having the highest prediction rate was then put into
an objective function in simulated annealing in order to derive a set of optimal exploration focal points. Each optimal exploration
focal point represents a pixel or location within a circular neighborhood of pixels with high posterior probability of mineral
deposit occurrence. Buffering of each optimal exploration focal point, based on proximity analysis, resulted in optimal exploration
target zones. Many of these target zones coincided spatially with at least one occurrence of mineral deposit of the type sought
in the subset of cross-validation (i.e., presumed undiscovered) mineral deposits of the type sought. The results of the study
showed the usefulness of the proposed methodology for objective delineation of optimal exploration target zones based on a
probabilistic mineral prospectivity map. 相似文献
33.
Alfred Ngomanda Katharina Neumann Astrid Schweizer Jean Maley 《Quaternary Research》2009,71(3):307-318
The third millennium BP crisis of the central African rainforest is not sufficiently understood. The low resolution of most pollen profiles and a large plateau of the calibration curve aggravate the exact dating of the event, and its causal climatic parameters are debated. We present a high-resolution pollen profile from the swamp site Nyabessan in the southern Cameroonian rainforest, covering the period 3100-2300 cal yr BP. Between 3100 and 2500 cal yr BP, the climate was favourable for a regional evergreen forest with Caesalpiniaceae and Lophira and a local Raphia swamp forest. Around 2500/2400 cal yr BP, a significant decrease of mature forest and swamp forest taxa and an increase of pioneers indicate that the rain forest was seriously disturbed and replaced by secondary formations. The dominance of Trema orientalis, a pioneer well adapted to seasonal desiccation, points to a much more accentuated seasonality after 2500 cal yr BP, which seems to be linked to a southwards shift of the ITCZ during the northern hemisphere winter months. We propose that the rain forest crisis between 2500 and 2200 cal BP created favourable conditions for farming and paved the way for a major expansion of Bantu speaking populations. 相似文献
34.
We conducted the first quantitative assessment of coral breakage along a gradient of diving activities in Hong Kong, the most densely populated city in southern China. A survey of six 1 × 25 m transects at seven sites revealed a total of 81 broken corals, among which 44% were branching, 44% plate-like and 12% massive. There were 3–19 broken colonies per site. At most study sites, the percentage of broken corals exceeded the recommended no-action threshold of 4%, suggesting that management intervention is justified. There was a significant positive correlation between the number of broken coral colonies and the number of divers visiting the site. The branching Acropora and the plate-like Montipora suffered from much higher frequency of damage than their relative abundance, raising the concern that the cumulative impact of such differential susceptibility to breakage may affect coral community composition. 相似文献
35.
The stable isotope compositions of organic carbon and nitrogen, the contents of organic carbon and nitrogen and C/N ratios for two cores recovered from the Empakai Crater at water depths of 11 and 20 m are used to document climatic changes in northern Tanzania. Eight 14C AMS dates determined on total organic matter (OM) indicate that the sedimentation rate in this lake is about 30 cm/ka for the late Pleistocene to early Holocene period. There are differences in the δ13C values of organic carbon between the two cores, which may be a result of differences in location from the present shoreline and of different water depths. In the deeper-water core the δ13C values show a general downcore decrease to the base of the core with a sharp change to lower values of about 4‰ at a depth of 100 cm (8.7 ka). The general trend of downcore decrease in 13C values can be attributed either to a systematic decrease in the relative proportion of C4 type of OM, owing to an increase in precipitation and change in vegetation cover from grassland to forest, or to utilization of isotopically enriched carbon during photosynthesis. The δ15N values show a general downcore increase with again a sharp change of about 5‰ to lower values at about 8.7 ka. A sharp change of about 5‰ and 4‰ to more depleted values at a depth of 100 cm of both 15N and 13C, respectively, suggests either hiatus or abrupt change in climatic condition from wetter conditions to drier conditions. There is enhanced preservation of OM in the lake as depicted by high mean values of organic carbon and nitrogen at both sites. 相似文献
36.
Annie Souriau Alfred Piuzzi Micheline Etchegorry Philippe Machetel 《Journal of Geodesy》1984,58(1):53-72
One of the possibilities of the Doppler positioning from satellite is to provide geodetic measurements continuous in time
without the need for reference stations. If measurements of sufficient accuracy can be achieved they may be used to study
local surface displacements in relation to tectonic activity. A Doppler receiver of the MEDOC network is located near Djibouti
in the Ghoubhat-Asal rift region which corresponds to the accreting plate boundary between the Arabian and African plates.
In November 1978, a seismic and volcanic crisis occured in this area. Surface geodetic measurements and levellings performed
in 1973 and 1978–79, just after the crisis, reveal a 60–80 cm sinking of the graben floor and a lateral extension of about
2 meters.
Here we analyse Doppler measurements for the period January 1977 to November 1980. Point positions are computed for 7 to 10
day intervals using a precise ephemeris, and a moving window analysis is applied to the data. An apparent 2 meter uplift preceding
the November 1978 seismic crisis is detected at Djibouti, whereas no similar phenomenon is observed at the two closest stations,
Pretoria and Uccle-Brussels. However, field observations rule out a tectonic origin for this uplift.
In Djibouti, the correlation between the apparent vertical station position and the electron density in the ionospheric F-layer
reveals that a bias may be induced by the third order term of the ionospheric refractive index not previously taken into account,
or more probably by the ray curvature through the ionosphere. This bias is particularly strong for our data set, from a station
located close to the magnetic equator, and related to a period of rapid increase in the solar activity.
Although our analysis fails to detect any tectonic displacement related to the rift seismic activity, it shows that similar
tectonic studies by the Doppler method will be possible once the residual ionospheric errors are removed, for example by use
of higher radio frequencies. 相似文献
37.
Based on three groups of datasets that include radiosondes, reanalyses, and climate model simulations (e.g., Coupled Model Intercomparison Project, CMIP3) from 1979 to 2008, the interannual variability, global temperature trends, and their uncertainty using ensemble spread among intra-group and inter-group datasets have been discussed. The results show that the interannual temperature variability increased from the troposphere to stratosphere, and the maximum occurs around 50?hPa. The CMIP3 climate models have the largest discrepancy in the stratosphere. The intra-group correlations at 500?hPa generally show high similarity within each data group while the inter-group correlations between reanalyses and the CMIP3 climate model simulations indicate lesser similarity. In contrast, the inter-group correlation at 50?hPa is improved except with the Japanese 25-year Reanalysis Project (JRA-25) dataset, and the Twentieth Century Reanalysis (20CR) reanalysis shows a weak cross correlation. The global temperature trends are highly dependent on the individual data sources. Compared to the radiosondes, the reanalyses show a large ensemble spread of trends in the stratosphere, and the CMIP3 climate model simulations have a large ensemble spread in the height of the crossover point where tropospheric warming changes into stratospheric cooling. The largest ensemble spread among the reanalyses in the stratosphere is mainly from the large discrepancy in the JRA-25 reanalysis after 1998 and a relatively weak anomaly in the 20CR before 1986. The largest ensemble spread among the CMIP3 climate models in the troposphere is related to the influence of both volcanic eruptions and El Ni?o/La Ni?a–Southern Oscillation events. The strong anomalies corresponding to the volcanic eruptions of El Chichon in 1982 and Mt Pinatubo in 1991 are clearly identified in the stratosphere. These volcanic eruptions reduced the warming in the troposphere and strengthened the cooling in the stratosphere during the most recent 30?years. 相似文献
38.
Climatic Change - The assessment of ecological impacts of pumped-storage (PS) hydropower plants on the two connected water bodies is usually based on present climatic conditions. However,... 相似文献
39.
Martin?SchmidEmail author Andreas?Lorke Alfred?Wüest Michel?Halbwachs Gregory?Tanyileke 《Ocean Dynamics》2003,53(3):288-301
To prevent the recurrence of a disastrous eruption of carbon dioxide (CO2) from Lake Nyos, a degassing plan has been set up for the lake. Since there are concerns that the degassing of the lake may reduce the stability of the density stratification, there is an urgent need for a simulation tool to predict the evolution of the lake stratification in different scenarios. This paper describes the development of a numerical model to predict the CO2 and dissolved solids concentrations, and the temperature structure as well as the stability of the water column of Lake Nyos. The model is tested with profiles of CO2 concentrations and temperature taken in the years 1986 to 1996. It reproduces well the general mixing patterns observed in the lake. However, the intensity of the mixing tends to be overestimated in the epilimnion and underestimated in the monimolimnion. The overestimation of the mixing depth in the epilimnion is caused either by the parameterization of the k-epsilon model, or by the uncertainty in the calculation of the surface heat fluxes. The simulated mixing depth is highly sensitive to the surface heat fluxes, and errors in the mixing depth propagate from one year to the following. A precise simulation of the mixolimnion deepening therefore requires high accuracy in the meteorological forcing and the parameterization of the heat fluxes. Neither the meteorological data nor the formulae for the calculation of the heat fluxes are available with the necessary precision. Consequently, it will be indispensable to consider different forcing scenarios in the safety analysis in order to obtain robust boundary conditions for safe degassing. The input of temperature and CO2 to the lake bottom can be adequately simulated for the years 1986 to 1996 with a constant sublacustrine source of 18 l s–1 with a CO2 concentration of 0.395 mol l–1 and a temperature of 26 °C. The results of this study indicate that the model needs to be calibrated with more detailed field data before using it for its final purpose: the prediction of the stability and the safety of Lake Nyos during the degassing process.Responsible Editor: Hans Burchard 相似文献
40.
Osborne Alfred R. Resio Donald T. Costa Andrea Ponce de León Sonia Chirivì Elisabetta 《Ocean Dynamics》2019,69(2):187-219
Ocean Dynamics - We analyze surface wave data taken in Currituck Sound, North Carolina, during a storm on 4 February 2002. Our focus is on the application of nonlinear Fourier analysis (NLFA)... 相似文献