Boron and Oxygen Isotope Composition of Certified Reference Materials NIST SRM 610/612 and Reference Materials JB-2 and JR-2

We present data on the concentration, the isotope composition and the homogeneity of boron in NIST silicate glass reference materials SRM 610 and SRM 612, and in powders and glasses of geological reference materials JB-2 (basalt) and JR-2 (rhyolite). Our data are intended to serve as references for both microanalytical and wet-chemical techniques. The δ¹¹ B compositions determined by N-TIMS and P-TIMS agree within 0.5% and compare with SIMS data within 2.5%. SIMS profiles demonstrate boron isotope homogeneity to better than δ¹¹ B = 2% for both NIST glasses, however a slight boron depletion was detected towards the outermost 200 μm of the rim of each sample wafer. The boron isotope compositions of SRM 610 and SRM 612 were indistinguishable. Glasses produced in this study by fusing JB-2 and JR-2 powder also showed good boron isotope homogeneity, both within and between different glass fragments. Their major element abundance as well as boron isotope compositions and concentrations were identical to those of the starting composition. Hence, reference materials (glasses) for the in situ measurement of boron isotopes can be produced from already well-studied volcanic samples without significant isotope fractionation. Oxygen isotope ratios, both within and between wafers, of NIST reference glasses SRM 610 and SRM 612 are uniform. In contrast to boron, significant differences in oxygen isotope compositions were found between the two glasses, which may be due to the different amounts of trace element oxides added at ten-fold different concentration levels to the silicate matrix.     

A time-series study of the spring bloom at the Bering Sea ice edge I. Physical processes, chlorophyll and nutrient chemistry

An intense but short-lived phytoplankton bloom develops in the low-salinity melt waters at the edge of the Bering Sea ice as the ice melts and retreats each spring. In spring 1988 we followed the development of this bloom by sampling every 3 h while following a freely drifting drogue in the marginal ice-edge zone for two four-day periods. The first period (29 April–3 May) was at an early stage of the bloom while the second period (10–13 May) was at the peak of the bloom. Early in the bloom, the phytoplankton consumed all the nitrate (400 mmoles m⁻²) initially present in the surface water producing large accumulations of particulate carbon (>1000 mmoles C m⁻²). By the time of peak chlorophyll concentrations (35 mg M⁻³), nitrate concentrations had been depleted so that the sustained high productivity depended on either recycled or imported nutrients. After this point, there was little net additional accumulation of biomass. From these data plus cruise data from previous years, we find that the Bering Sea ice-edge bloom typically begins in the last week of April and appears to precede blooms in the adjacent ice-free waters by days to weeks. The variability in bloom onset observed over several years is not linked very closely to the large scale climatic variations found in this region, but rather appears to be related to local weather during the end of April and the first part of May, with calm, sunny weather being required to initiate the blooms.     

Regional to detailed geochemical mapping of the Kariisk ore district, eastern Trans-Baikal region, Russia

The Kariisk ore district is situated in a dome-ring complex formed during late Mesozoic tectono-magmatic activity. The district comprises magmatic to post-magmatic vein-type mineralizations, which developed during four stages characterized by different mineral parageneses: (1) quartz-pyrite-tourmaline; (2) quartz-actinolite-magnetite; (3) quartz-arsenopyrite; and (4) quartz-carbonate-poly metallic. Geochemical surveys at regional to detailed scales involved ca. 12 000 rock samples which were analyzed for 40 elements including Au and associated elements Bi, W, Ag, B, As, Mo, Cu, Pb, Sn, and Zn. The results are presented as geochemical maps illustrating the distribution of anomalous gold and multi-element associations. The geochemically anomalous area shows a finger-like pattern radiating from the core of the ring complex and has a concentric zoning of element associations outwards from the margin of the core: W-Mo, Bi-Ag-B, Au-As-Cu-Pb, and B-Ag-Zn. These features are interpreted to reflect that the mineralising process induced by heat from the granitoid magma in the core of the complex occurred in a number of separate pulses.     

Die Alpin-Mediterrane Metallogenese

Zusammenfassung Die ostmediterrane Erzprovinz, die Kleinasien und die Balkanhalbinsel umfaßt, ist gekennzeichnet durch die enge Bindung ihrer Lagerstätten an die sehr zahlreichen sichtbaren Zentren des alpidischen Magmatismus. In der karpatisch-alpinen Erzprovinz sind die Lagerstätten räumlich, zeitlich und stofflich mit der alpinen Kristallisationsmetamorphose verknüpft. Sie finden sich häufig an Überschiebungsflächen und ihre vorwiegende Form ist die der metasomatischen Lager. In der westmediterranen Erzprovinz, vor allem im Atlas-Gebirge, treten die Lagerstätten an steilen Brüchen und z. T. auch in flachen, selektiv verdrängten oder imprägnierten Schichten auf. Trotz dieser Unterschiede, die durch das regionale geologische Milieu erklärt werden können, zeigen die drei alpin mediterranen Erzprovinzen wichtige Gemeinsamkeiten: gleiches Alter wie der alpine Magmatismus in der ganzen Kette, Vorherrschen der Metalle Cu, Au, Fe (als Siderit) im Nordstamm und der Metalle Pb, Zn, Sb, Cr im Südstamm des Orogens und die Abwesenheit bzw. das Zurücktreten von Co, Ni, U, Sn. Die Vererzungsdichte in den drei Provinzen ist ähnlich, die Lagerstättenformen sind verschieden.

---

The Eastern Mediterranean ore province covering Asia and the Balkan-countries is characterized by a direct relation of its deposits to the mostly visible centres of the alpine magmatism. In the Alpine-Carpathian province the deposits are related to the Alpine metamorphism by distribution, age and substantial composition. They frequently occur along overthrust planes and many of them are replacement bodies. The deposits in the Western-Mediterranean province, especially in the Atlas Mountains, are to be found in steep faults- and partially in flat layers being impregnated and selectivity replaced. In spite of such differences which can be understood by the regional geological environment, the three Alpine-Mediterranean metallogenetic provinces show some important common features: they are contemporaneous with the alpine magmatism in the whole belt and Cu, Au, Fe (siderite) predominate in the northern wing, while Pb, Zn, Sb, Cr do so in the southern wing. Co, Ni, U, Sn, are nearly absent. The intensity of the mineralisation in the three provinces is similar whereas the forms of the deposits are different.

---

Résumé La province métallogenique de la Mediterranée Orientale qui comprend l'Anatolie et la Peninsule Balkanique, est characterisée par un rapport étroit de ses gisements avec les nombreuses centres d'un magmatisme visible. Dans la province Carpatho-alpine les gisements sont liés par space, par âge et par substance avec le métamorphisme alpin. Ils se trouvent souvent dans les surfaces de charriage et leur forme prépondérante est celle des amas de substitution. Dans la province occidentale, surtout dans la chaine de l'Atlas, les gisements apparaissent dans des failles verticales et aussi dans des couches horizontales, formées par imprégnation et substitution sélective. Malgrès ces differences, qui sont explicables par le milieu géologique regional, les trois provinces métallogeniques ont des traits communs essentiels: Contemporainité avec le magmatisme alpin dans toute la chaine, préponderance de Cu, Au, siderose dans le rameau septentrional du système orogenique, préponderance du Pb, Zn, Sb et Cr dans le rameau méridional et l'absence quasi-totale du Co, Ni, U, Sn. L'intensité de la mineralisation dans les trois provinces se resemble, mais les formes des gisements sont differents.

---

. , .

     

Die Bruchtektonik in den Ostalpen

Zusammenfassung Es wird eine Kurzübersicht über die bruchtektonischen Strukturen der Ostalpen aus der Zeit des alpidischen geosynklinalen, orogenen und kratogenen Stadiums gegeben. Der Überblick läßt erkennen, daß hier eine Bruchtektonik herrscht, die in enger kausaler und zeitlicher Beziehung zur alpinotypen Transversal-Tektonik im Orogen steht. Aufgrund des Studiums der Bruchtektonik der Ostalpen läßt sich durch Abstraktion eine genetische bruchtektonische Zyklenabfolge für das Orogen schlechthin ableiten.

---

The author gives a short survey of the fault-systems of the Eastern Alps, which were formed during the geosynclinal, the orogenic and the cratogenic stage of the alpidic era. This review shows that the origin of this fault-system is in a close causative and temporal connection with the formation of the great transversal tectonic structures of alpinotype style during all the phases of the evolution of the orogene. Finally, as a result of the study of the characteristic succession of different fault-systems within the Eastern Alps, it is possible to deduce the general principle of the typical succession of cycles of fault-systems for the orogen.

---

Résumé L'auteur donne un aperçu du système des failles des Alpes orientales, formé pendant l'époque géosynclinale, orogénique et cratogénique de l'ère alpidique. Cette revue montre que la génèse de ce système de failles a des rapports étroits causaux et temporels avec la génèse des structures tectoniques transversales de style alpinotype pendant toutes les phases de l'évolution de l'orogène. Enfin, l'étude de cette succession génétique des differents systèmes de failles dans les Alpes orientales permet de déduire une succession caractéristique des cycles de failles typiques, valable pour l'orogène en général.

---

, . , , . .

     

Tectonic causes of landslides

The relationship between mass movements and tectonic lineaments is investigated in the Pliocene sand and clay terrains of Montepulciano (central Italy). Satellite images and aerial photographs show six families of lineament in southern Tuscany, all of which are present in the Montepulciano area. The orientation, location and density of these are related to corresponding attributes of morphological phenomena such as retrogressive slumps, drainage density and slope angle. Rose diagrams, stereographic plots and statistical analysis all reveal a close correspondence between slumping mass movements and the directions and spatial concentrations of fracture traces. Although slopes and valley trends respond more closely to Apennine (NW-trending) and anti-Apennine (NE-trending) lineaments, the longitudinal axes of landslides are strongly orientated NNW to N, the direction of one of the most significant lineament groups in western central Italy and the local study area.     

Contribution Of Spray Irrigation Of Wastewater To Groundwater Contamination In The Karst Of Southeastern Minnesota,USA

A vegetable- and meat-canning facility located in the karst of southeastern Minnesota disposes ≈2.85×10⁵ m³ yr^?1 of wastewater by spray irrigation of an 83.7-ha field located atop the local groundwater divide. Cannery effluent contains high levels of chloride and nitrogen (organic and ammonia), in excess of 7000 mg/l and 400 mg/l, respectively. Nitrate-nitrogen concentrations are generally < 5 mg/l. Agricultural, domestic, and municipal sources of chloride and nitrate are common in the region, and water supplies frequently exceed the drinking-water limit for nitrate-nitrogen of 10 mg/l. Fifty-two area wells and thirteen surface-water locations were sampled and analyzed for five ionic species, including: chloride (Cl), nitrate-nitrogen (NO₃-N), sulfate (SO₄), nitrite-nitrogen (NO₂-N), and phosphate (PO₄). Two distinct chloride plumes flowing outward from the groundwater divide were identified, and 65% of the wells sampled had nitrate-nitrogen concentrations in excess of 10 mg/l. The data were divided into two groups: one group of samples from wells located near the canning facility and another group from outside that area. A correlation coefficient of R²= 0.004 for Cl vs. NO₃-N in the vicinity of the irrigation fields indicates essentially no relationship between the source of Cl and NO₃. In areas of agricultural and domestic activities located away from the cannery, an R² of 0.54 suggests that Cl and NO₃ have common sources in these areas.