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971.
Alan E. Rubin Gregory W. Kallemeyn Robert N. Clayton Toshiko K. Mayeda Alexander B. Verchovsky Silvio Lorenzetti 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》2003,67(17):3283-3298
Gujba is a coarse-grained meteorite fall composed of 41 vol% large kamacite globules, 20 vol% large light-colored silicate globules with cryptocrystalline, barred pyroxene and barred olivine textures, 39 vol% dark-colored, silicate-rich matrix, and rare refractory inclusions. Gujba resembles Bencubbin and Weatherford in texture, oxygen-isotopic composition and in having high bulk δ15N values (∼+685‰). The 3He cosmic-ray exposure age of Gujba (26 ± 7 Ma) is essentially identical to that of Bencubbin, suggesting that they were both reduced to meter-size fragments in the same parent-body collision. The Gujba metal globules exhibit metal-troilite quench textures and vary in their abundances of troilite and volatile siderophile elements. We suggest that the metal globules formed as liquid droplets either via condensation in an impact-generated vapor plume or by evaporation of preexisting metal particles in a plume. The lower the abundance of volatile elements in the metal globules, the higher the globule quench temperature. We infer that the large silicate globules also formed from completely molten droplets; their low volatile-element abundances indicate that they also formed at high temperatures, probably by processes analogous to those that formed the metal globules. The coarse-grained Bencubbin-Weatherford-Gujba meteorites may represent a depositional component from the vapor cloud enriched in coarse and dense particles. A second class of Bencubbin-like meteorites (represented by Hammadah al Hamra 237 and QUE 94411) may be a finer fraction derived from the same vapor cloud. 相似文献
972.
Yoshihide Ohta Alexander N. Larionov Alexander M. Tebenkov Claude Lepvrier Henri Maluski Michael Lange Barbara Hellebrandt 《Polar research》2002,21(1):73-89
North-west Spitsbergen consists of a complex of Caledonian and Grenvillian crystalline rocks, situated at the north-west corner of the Barents Shelf. The aim of this study is to understand the extent of pre-Caledonian basement rocks and their protoliths. Micas and zircon grains from six rocks from north-west Spitsbergen have been dated by the 40 Ar/39 Ar and single-zircon Pb-evaporation methods. Two grey granites yielded Late Caledonian mica 40 Ar/39 Ar and zircon ages of ca. 420-430 My, with inherited zircon grains as old as 1725 My. Zircon grains from a gneissose granite xenolith in a grey granites gave crystallization ages of ca. 960 My; some grains from a migmatite neosome show similar ages. Zircon grains yielding Archean and late Palaeoproterozoic ages (1600-1800 My) are interpreted as xenocrysts of detrital origin. The youngest ages obtained from detrital zircon grains from a greenschist facies quartzite of the Signehamna unit are ca. 1800 My. Similar schists are included as xenoliths in the 960 My old gneissose granite; therefore, the sedimentary protoliths of the unit are Mesoproterozoic. The dating results suggest a significant tectonothermal event during Grenvillian time; subsequent Caledonian events had less extensive thermal effects. However, it is still a matter of debate whether Grenvillian or Caledonian metamorphism produced the majority of the migmatites. A large population of zircon grains with Late Palaeoproterozoic ages suggests a wide surface exposure of rocks of this age in the source area, with some Archean zircons. 相似文献
973.
Kazuo Saito Asish R. Basu E. Calvin Alexander 《Earth and Planetary Science Letters》1978,39(2):274-280
All twenty-three stable rare gas isotopes have been measured in a mantle-derived amphibole, kaersutite. The elemental abundance pattern of the rare gases is similar to the “planetary” rare gas pattern as defined by carbonaceous chondrites. The3He/4He ratio, (4.9 ± 0.6) × 10?5, is suggestive of primordial He degassing from the mantle. Excess21Ne is present. The measured40Ar/36Ar ratio,400 ± 5, may represent a mantle40Ar/36Ar ratio <240 when corrected for radiogenic40Ar. The heavy isotopes of Kr and t0he Xe isotopes are within error of the atmosphere values. 相似文献
974.
Robert Alexander Robert Ian Kagi Alfons Valentino Larcher 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》1982,46(2):219-222
The exchange of aromatic hydrogen in the presence of clay catalysts has been studied by measuring the rates of detritiation of some tritiated naphthalene derivatives on homoionic bentonites. The rate of reaction is influenced by the position of tritium on the ring, the presence of a methoxysubstituent on the ring and the acidity of the clay catalyst. It is inferred that the mechanism of exchange involves an adsorbed species similar to the arenium ion intermediate of electrophilic aromatic substitutions in homogeneous systems. In some cases exchange of hydrogen between acidic clay surfaces and naphthalene derivatives could be detected at temperatures as low as 23°C, and in aqueous slurries at 70°C. This observed reactivity suggests that these reactions could occur in sedimentary environments where organic matter, such as petroleum hydrocarbons, is in contact with clay surfaces. The hydrogen isotopic composition of aromatic hydrogen in petroleum may therefore be related to that of the acidic water adsorbed on clay surfaces with which the petroleum has been in contact. 相似文献
975.
Ian Alexander 《Geoforum》1980,11(3):225-247
Policies advocating restraint on the growth of office activity in central areas, and the dispersal of that activity to suburban centres have become increasingly popular in large metropolitan areas in Britain and Australia in recent years. This is the first of two papers which explore the implications of such a policy in detail. For these policies have been based on rather subjective judgements and on conventional wisdom; it has simply been assumed that they would solve growing problems of central congestion, environmental disamenity and job access. Little attention has been paid to the full range and distribution of costs and benefits that might arise. Experience to date has suggested that while an office dispersal policy has the potential to reduce problems in the central area, it can also give rise to serious problems of congestion, increased energy consumption and inequities of access in suburban areas. These problems which stem from the likely switch from public transport to cars for work journeys have generally been ignored by those advocating dispersal policies, and have received little attention in the few academic studies of this area. The paper concludes by outlining the assumptions and methodology adopted for a comprehensive case study of the cost and benefits of an office dispersal policy within the metropolitan area of Sydney, Australia. 相似文献
976.
Ian Alexander 《Geoforum》1980,11(3):249-275
A case study of office dispersal options in Sydney, Australia is presented within a Planning Balance Sheet Framework. Two dispersal options, one involving a limited number of large subcentres, the other a large number of smaller subcentres are examined. It is shown that both options are likely to result in considerable work-journey time savings for employees in relocated offices (particularly clerical and female workers) and considerable improvements in job access for many suburban residents. Overall, however, the large subcentre option appears to offer greater net benefits to both office employees and relocated organizations. Yet both options are likely to generate high external costs in terms of suburban road congestion, increased energy consumption, financial losses to public transport operators, and inequities of access to captive public transport users. These problems could be avoided if the government were to embark on a programme of upgrading public transport services and restricting car usage to the point where the majority of suburban commuters used public transport. This would involve considerable public expenditure, which is unlikely to be forthcoming in the present economic climate. But without such a programme, a policy of office dispersal would create more problems than it would solve. 相似文献
977.
The characteristics of employment within the retailing sector are still poorly understood. This short paper expands on a previously presented study of Canberra (Geoforum10, 407–425) by reporting on the systematic variation between the ratio of floorspace to employees and type of shopping centre, and the different relationships between floorspace per worker and size of store by type of shopping centre. The planning implications in terms of employment provision are briefly discussed. 相似文献
978.
The sediment record, as revealed in sediment cores, can be used to reconstruct the history of contaminant input into estuaries. The basic assumptions are that contaminant inputs equilibrate relatively rapidly with sediment inputs and that the sediment column represents a continuous sequence of sediment and associated contaminant accumulation. With radiochemical chronologies, it is possible to date sediments over a period corresponding to about five half-lives (100 years for 210Pb). In our study we reconstruct the pollution history of the Savannah Estuary, which is a typical estuary in the South Atlantic Bight. A series of cores were taken in the estuary, followed by the analysis of the cores for a variety of organic and inorganic contaminants. Ages were assigned to different depth intervals by the use of two radiotracers, 210Pb and 137Cs. The major pesticides found were an isomer of DDT and dieldrin. The peak in their concentrations (1967) correlated with peak use of these pesticides before their use was banned. Between 1959 and 1962, there was more input of anthropogenic PAHs than before and after this period. The metals which showed significant changes in the cores include mercury, lead and chromium. Chromium reached a maximum during the late 1950s, followed by a decrease in the late 1960s. This chromium peak coincided with the initial operation of a titanium dioxide pigment plant in the Savannah Estuary. An interesting aspect of the study, which has been noted by many pollution history studies, was the decrease in the concentration of anthropogenic chemicals during the past two decades, suggesting that pollution controls have been effective, even while industrial and population growth was taking place.Similar studies have been carried out to reconstruct the historical record of contamination in the Baltic Sea. Concentrations of metals were found to increase after 1880 (industrial revolution in northern Europe). PCBs peaked in concentration in the late 1960s and the early 1970s, while DDT peaked in the 1960s. The Baltic experienced a major input of nutrients (N and P) after 1965 resulting from heavy use of fertilizers in this region. 相似文献
979.
Experiments on degassing of water-saturated granite melts with a pressure drop from 100 and 450 MPa to 40 and 120 MPa, respectively,
at temperatures close to feldspar liquidus (750–700 °C), were carried out to determine the modality of water exsolution and
vesicle formation at the liquidus temperature. Pressure-drop rates as small as approximately 100 bar/day were used. Uniform
space distributions of bubbles of exsolved water were obtained with starting glass containing a small fraction (≈0.5 vol.%)
of trapped air bubbles. Volume crystallization of feldspar was observed in degassed melts supplied with seeds. Bubble size
distributions (BSD) measured in granite glasses after degassing are presented. Data on vesicle characteristics (number, radius,
area, elongation) were acquired on images digitized with standard software, while the reconstruction of size distributions
was performed with the Schwartz-Saltikov "unfolding" procedure. Bubble size distributions of size classes in the range 5–1000 μm
were acquired with proper magnification and satisfactory statistical reliability of determined number densities. The BSDs
of the experimental samples are compared with the results of measurements of rapidly degassed products of Mt. Etna and Vulcano
Island. Many particular features of the bubble nucleation and growth can be distinguished in an individual BSD. However, the
general BSD of the whole data set, including natural ones, can be relatively well described with linear regression in bilogarithmic
coordinates. The slope of this regression is approximately 2.8±0.1. This dependence is in striking contrast with distributions
theoretically predicted with classical nucleation models based on homogeneous nucleation of vesicles. The theoretical distribution
requires the occurrence of strong maxima that are not observed in our experimental and natural samples, thus arguing for heterogeneous
nucleation mechanisms.
Received: 1 October 1998 / Accepted: 25 June 1999 相似文献
980.
The intertidal mussel Mytilus californianus is a useful indicator of anthropogenic inputs of several trace metals off southern California. Highest metal concentrations were measured in the digestive glands, and no significant differences attibutable to sex were found for this tissue. The distribution of lead appears to be dominated by diffuse inputs, while those of copper, chromium, and silver are most related to urban point sources. No distinct pattern was observed for nickel or zinc. 相似文献