浅谈酸雨观测

现代工业生产、频繁的交通运输以及居民使用的炉灶,不断向空中排放大量的污染物,如二氧化硫、氮氧化合物、各种尘埃等,其中二氧化硫是最长见的、含量最高的污染物质.大气中的二氧化硫、二氧化氮等,在空气中氧化剂的作用下,溶解于水汽中,以雨、雪等形式下落到地面,当雨、雪等大气降水的PH(酸碱度)值小于5.6时,即成为酸雨.     

地层温度的推定(测井时温度测定的校正)

最近在石油勘探中关于如何测知正确的地温分布一事据认为是非常重要的。已有人提出从电测井所取得的井下温度(BHT)中推定与实际地温的近似值(静态温度,TF)的方法(Dowdle和Cobb,1975;田中、佐藤,1977)。田中等的经验式 TF=K(BHT-15)+15中的校正系数K,根据地区变化,与地温梯度具有密切的相关性。TF与BHT的关系以TF=K·BHT+α…(1)表示,K根据地温梯度的不同,变化在1.04～1.71之间。例如6.42～6.53℃/100m时,TF=1.71BHT—12.6;3.75～4.30℃/100m时,TF=1.29BHT-0.5;2.1℃/100m以下时,TF=1.04BHT+5.5。所有这些一次回     

海成磷灰土矿床的研究现状

当前国际上关于海底矿床的研究开发,虽集中于金属矿床,然而从世界资源供需关系上看来,磷资源的重要性并不小.磷矿床大体分为四种类型,即有机沉积物矿床、鸟粪矿床、与碱性复合岩体伴生的磷灰石矿以及碳酸盐岩矿床.本文介绍的海成磷灰土(磷块岩)矿床即属于有机沉积物矿床类型.据调查从海成磷灰土矿床采到的磷矿石,约占全世界磷矿石产量的80%(冈野,1975).日本过去也曾对北大东岛的鸟粪矿床及能登半岛的中新统中部地层中的磷灰土进行过开采,但目前磷矿石则全部依赖进口.在全世界面临着沙漠化现象的今天,对于化肥原料上不可缺少的磷资源应如何保证,这确乎是农业政策上一个极为重要的课题.本文拟以海成磷灰土在海底如何形成、怎样分布等问题为中心,简单介绍一下国际上的研究现状.     

Homochirality as the signature of life: the SETH Cigar

A characteristic hallmark of life is its homochirality: all biomolecules are usually of one hand, e.g. on Earth life uses only L-amino acids for protein synthesis and not their D mirror images. It is therefore suggested that a search for extra-terrestrial life can be approached as a Search for Extra-Terrestrial Homochirality (SETH). A novel miniaturized space polarimeter, called the SETH Cigar, is described which could he used to detect optical rotation as the homochiral signature of life on other planets. Moving parts are avoided by replacing the normal rotating polarizer by multiple fixed polarizers at different angles as in the eye of the bee. It is believed that homochirality will be found in the subsurface layers on Mars as a relic of extinct life.     

Recovery of polluted ecosystems: the case for long-term studies

Recovery of marine ecosystems from pollution has tended to receive less attention than the study of new or continuing impacts, but such studies are important in charting recovery from acute incidents and following legislation to deal with chronic contamination. Recovery is inevitably a long-term process, and where such studies have been made they are often too short-lived. Interest quickly wanes following an acute incident and governmental bodies rapidly switch to new legislative priorities for chronic inputs. We review three case studies: recovery of dogwhelk populations after local extinction by tributyl tin leachates from anti-fouling paints; recovery of rocky shore communities from oil spills; and recovery of estuarine ecosystems from industrial and urban development. We then make some generalisations about recovery processes before making a plea for long-term studies of polluted areas.     

Migrating to learn and learning to migrate: a study of the experiences and intentions of international student migrants

"The research reported here evaluates whether students come to the UK mainly for educational reasons, and therefore perceive their stay as temporary, or whether emigration for study is being used as part of a conscious strategy by people intending to become future labour migrants.... The simplest interpretation of the results appears to be that migration, experienced as a result of international moves for study purposes, does not influence planning of further migration moves. But the research also indicates that migration for education is closely tied to other types of population redistribution and should be treated by population geographers as an integral part of international migration systems." Data were collected by questionnaire survey from 349 engineering students at Hong Kong universities and 82 Hong Kong students studying engineering in the UK.     

Compound response of marine and terrestrial ecosystems to varying climate: pre-anthropogenic perspective from bivalve shell growth increments and tree-rings

Annual growth increments were examined from shells of the ocean quahog (Arctica islandica L.) from northwest Norway and from tree-ring samples of the Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) from nearby coastal areas. The reconstructed annual growth increments were used to compare growth variability in marine and terrestrial ecosystems. Spatiotemporal comparison of the growth records showed statistically significant correlation during the 19th century A.D., indicative of ecosystem-independent response to pre-anthropogenic climate variations. Geographical correlation between marine and terrestrial records was only observed at the local scale. Years with particularly low winter or high summer North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) indices showed the best synchronization of marine and terrestrial growth. Despite strong correlation during historical time, our palaeoecological evidence suggests that marine and terrestrial ecosystems may show dissimilar growth reaction to recently observed positive winter-NAO phases.     

日本西南五县地区白垩纪—老第三纪火山岩中的Fe-Ti氧化矿物—特别关于钛铁矿中的Mn含量

作者们对日本西南五县地区白垩纪—古第三纪火山岩中Fe—Ti氧化矿物的产状及化学成分作了研究。本题所指地区的火山岩层可分为自下部层位至白垩纪的关门、周南、匹见、阿武群及古第三纪的田万川群两组。其中关门及田万川群的火山岩中磁铁矿极为发育,在玄武岩质安山岩中可见到铬尖晶石。而在匹见、阿武群火山岩中却几乎完全没有磁铁矿。周南群     

Monitoring the development of intertidal habitats on former agricultural land after the managed realignment of coastal defences at Tollesbury, Essex, UK

The managed realignment of coastal defences and subsequent creation of intertidal habitats is one of several 'soft' engineering options that could reduce the costs of maintaining embankments and at the same time deliver environmental benefits. The managed realignment at Tollesbury was one of the first in the UK, undertaken as an experimental test case to improve understanding of the practical techniques and processes involved. Independent studies were undertaken on the development of soils, benthic invertebrates and vegetation within the site in addition to methods of enhancing the process of natural colonisation of saltmarsh plants. Bathymetric and vegetation monitoring were undertaken on the adjacent estuary to determine any breach effect that may be attributed to the realignment. This paper summarises the results from the vegetation, sedimentation and invertebrate monitoring and discusses the implications for other managed realignment schemes in the UK.