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201.
202.
203.
204.
Edward A. Boyle 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》2005,69(21):5165-5166
205.
The study of REE distribution in the clay fraction of sedimentary rocks from two coalfields made it possible to distinguish
several types of REE distribution, which correlate with their mineral composition. It is shown that the REE fractionation
was related to the mineral reconstruction of the primary clay fraction and some detrital minerals in the course of postsedimentary
transformations of rocks during diagenesis, early catagenesis, and beginning of late catagenesis. These transformations were
governed by several factors, such as the composition of sediments; hydrochemical features of accumulation environment; the
chemical composition, dynamics, and feeding sources of pore solutions; the porosity and permeability of sediments and rocks;
and the content of organic matter and its reaction ability. 相似文献
206.
207.
Summary Snow has been studied widely in hydrology for many decades whereas recent meteorological interest in snow is caused by increased
emphasis on high latitudes and wintertime in climate-change research as well as by the need to improve weather-forecast models
during these conditions. Ground-based measurements of snow properties are needed both to improve understanding of surface-atmosphere
exchange processes and to provide ground truth to new remote-sensing algorithms. This justifies a review of techniques to
measure snow in combination with establishment of criteria for the suitability of the methods for process studies. This review
assesses the state-of-art in ground-based snow-measurement techniques in the end of the 1990s in view of their accuracy, time
resolution, possibility to automate, practicality and suitability in different terrain. Methods for snow-pack water equivalent,
depth, density, growth, quality, liquid-water content and water leaving the snow pack are reviewed. Synoptic snow measurements
in Fennoscandian countries are widely varying and there is no single standard on which process-related studies can build.
A long-term, continuous monitoring of mass and energy properties of a snow cover requires a combination of point-measurement
techniques. Areally representative values of snow properties can be achieved through a combination of automatically collected
point data with repeated manual, areally covering measurements, remote-sensing data and digital elevation models, preferably
in a GIS framework.
Received August 27, 1999 相似文献
208.
R. A. Treidl 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》1970,1(2):155-168
When relatively warm, moist air moves over a snow surface, sensible heat and moisture are extracted from its lower layers and used to melt the snow. The depth of the cooled layer depends on horizontal wind speeds and the presence of high vertical wind shear. The mechanism for air mass modification appears to be turbulent mixing. 相似文献
209.
In the Western Lake Baikal, recent Baikal Rift's tectonics control the topography, seismicity, climate, geomorphology, and economy. Scarps, facets, structural terraces, horsts and grabens, and trapezoid valleys can be clearly observed. They have been generated by the recent tectonic movements along the faults and represent a serious geologic hazard. The specific geological conditions predetermine a unique variety of landscapes. Thus, the main type of the economy is tourism. However, unorganized tourism leads to the degradation of the unique landscapes. It increases risk and requires disaster management. Three criteria has been used for risk assessment: (1) degree of geologic hazard; (2) degree of landscape degradation; and (3) degree of the economy's vitality. The high ecological significance and low stability to antropogeneous pressure are typical for landscapes of the Western Lake Baikal. Thus, some special activities of disaster management should be implemented based on our investigation. 相似文献
210.
A 2D finite volume model for bebris flow and its application to events occurred in the Eastern Pyrenees 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
V.MEDINA A.BATEMAN M.HüRLIMANN Ph.D student Sediment Transport Research Group Department of Engineering Hydraulic Marine Environmental Engineering Technical University of Catalonia 《国际泥沙研究》2008,23(4):348-360
FLATModel is a 2D finite volume code that contains several original approaches to improve debris-flow simulation. Firstly, FLATModel incorporates a "stop-and-go" technique in each cell to allow continuous collapses and remobilizations of the debris-flow mass. Secondly, flow velocity and consequently yield stress is directly associated with the type of rheology to improve boundary accuracy. Thirdly, a simple approach for entrainment is also included in the model to analyse the effect of basal erosion of debris flows. FLATMODEL was tested at several events that occurred in the Eastern Pyrenees and simulation results indicated that the model can represent rather well the different characteristics observed in the field. 相似文献