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411.
M. G. Deminov G. F. Deminova G. A. Zherebtsov O. M. Pirog N. M. Polekh 《Geomagnetism and Aeronomy》2011,51(3):348-355
Results of statistical analysis of the properties of variability of F2-layer maximum parameters (critical frequency foF2 and the height hmF2) in quiet midlatitude ionosphere under low solar activity in the daytime (1000–1500 LT) and nighttime (2200–0300 LT) hours
are presented on the basis of Irkutsk station data for 2007–2008. It is found that the distribution density of δfoF2 could be presented as consisting of two distinctly different normal laws of this distribution, one of which corresponds
to weak (|δfoF2| < 10%) fluctuations in foF2 and the other corresponds to strong (30% > |δfoF2| > 10%) fluctuations. Weak fluctuations in foF2 to a substantial degree are related to ionospheric variability at times less of than 1–3 h and determine the δfoF2 variability in the daytime hours. Strong fluctuations in foF2 are mainly related to day-to-day variability of the ionosphere at a fixed local time, the variability increasing by approximately
a factor of 3 during the transition from day to night and determining the δfoF2 variability in the nighttime hours. The distribution density of ΔhmF2 is close to the normal distribution law. An interpretation of the different character of the distribution densities of δfoF2 and ΔhmF2 is given. 相似文献
412.
We present new counts of stars in M15, using plates inB, V andU. We are able to explore relatively close to the central parts of the cluster (0.1 pc) and we derive the best fitting parameters for the star distribution. 相似文献
413.
The Middle Miocene Tobe hornfels in the Sanbagawa metamorphic belt, western Shikoku, southwest Japan, is characterized by
an abnormally steep metamorphic gradient compared with other hornfelses associated with intrusive bodies. The basic hornfels,
originally Sanbagawa greenschist rocks, is divided into the following three metamorphic zones: plagioclase, hornblende, and
orthopyroxene. The plagioclase zone is defined by the appearance of calcic plagioclase, the hornblende zone by the assemblage
of hornblende+calcic plagioclase+quartz, and the orthopyroxene zone is characterized by the assemblage of orthopyroxene +
clinopyroxene + plagioclase + quartz. Calcic amphibole compositions change from actinolite to hornblende as a result of the
continuous reactions during prograde metamorphism. Petrographical and thermometric studies indicate a metamorphic temperature
range of 300–475°C for the plagioclase zone, 475–680°C for the hornblende zone, and 680–730°C for the orthopyroxene zone.
The temperature gradient based on petrological studies is approximately 5°C/m, which is unusually high. Geological and petrological
studies demonstrate that the hornfelses were formed by the focusing of high-temperature fluids through zones of relatively
high fracture permeability. The steep thermal gradient in the Tobe hornfels body is consistent with a large fluid flux, greater
than 8.3 × 10–7 m3 m–2S–1, over the relatively short duration of metamorphism, approximately 100 years.
Received: 10 October 1995 / Accepted: 28 May 1996 相似文献
414.
415.
V. A. Panchenko V. A. Telegin V. G. Vorob’ev G. A. Zhbankov O. I. Yagodkina V. I. Rozhdestvenskaya 《Geomagnetism and Aeronomy》2018,58(2):229-236
The results of studying spread F obtained from the DPS-4 ionosonde data at the observatory of the Pushkov Institute of Terrestrial Magnetism, Ionosphere, and Radio Wave Propagation (Moscow) are presented. The methodical questions that arise during the study of a spread F phenomenon in the ionosphere are considered; the current results of terrestrial observations are compared with previously published data and the results of sounding onboard an Earth-satellite vehicle. The automated algorithm for estimation of the intensity of frequency spread F, which was developed by the authors and was successfully verified via comparison of the data of the digisonde DPS-4 and the results of manual processing, is described. The algorithm makes it possible to quantify the intensity of spread F in megahertz (the dFs parameter) and in the number of points (0, 1, 2, 3). The strongest spread (3 points) is shown to be most likely around midnight, while the weakest spread (0 points) is highly likely to occur during the daytime. The diurnal distribution of a 1–2 point spread F in the winter indicates the presence of additional maxima at 0300–0600 UT and 1400–1700 UT, which may appear due to the terminator. Despite the large volume of processed data, we can not definitively state that the appearance of spread F depends on the magnetic activity indices Kp, Dst, and AL, although the values of the dFs frequency spread interval strongly increased both at day and night during the magnetic storm of March 17–22, 2015, especially in the phase of storm recovery on March 20–22. 相似文献
416.
The circulation and salinity distribution in the Hooghly Estuary have been studied by developing a two‐dimensional depth‐averaged numerical model for the lower estuary, where the flow is vertically well mixed. This has been coupled with a one‐dimensional model for the upper estuary, where the flow is assumed to be unidirectional and well mixed over the depth and breadth. The Hooghly River receives high freshwater discharge during the monsoon season (June to September), which has significant effect on the salinity distribution in the estuary. The model‐simulated currents, elevations, and salinities are in good agreement with observations during the dry season. However, during the wet season the computed salinities seem to deviate slightly from the observed values. 相似文献
417.
418.
419.
R. A. SHAKESBY C. J. CHAFER S. H. DOERR W. H. BLAKE P. WALLBRINK G. S. HUMPHREYS 《The Australian geographer》2003,34(2):147-175
Soil water repellency can enhance overland flow and erosion and may be altered by fire. The Christmas 2001 bushfires near Sydney allowed investigation of the relationship between fire severity, water repellency and hydrogeomorphological changes. For two sub-catchments with differences in fire severities in Nattai National Park, south-west of Sydney, this paper considers: (1) the links between fire severity based on SPOT image analysis and ground observation of fire severity and repellency; (2) the textural and organic/minerogenic characteristics of eroded sediment; and (3) erodibility, erosion and deposition of soils in both catchments. Ground surveys show that image analysis reflects well the degree of vegetation consumption by fire, but cannot adequately predict the degree of ground litter consumption, associated soil heating and repellency effects. Fire had varying effects on repellency, leaving it unchanged, destroying it or enhancing it, depending on the soil temperature reached. The main post-fire hydrogeomorphological changes have been widespread erosion and colluvial and alluvial deposition of topsoil in foot-slope locations and river systems, but only localised redistribution of the highly erodible, repellent sandy subsurface layer. The fire did not trigger major geomorphological change in the study area, but fires probably cause important topsoil and nutrient depletion and may also affect water quality. 相似文献
420.
Three finite element codes, namely TELEMAC, ADCIRC and QUODDY, are used to compute the spatial distributions of the M2, M4 and M6 components of the tide in the sea region off the west coast of Britain. This region is chosen because there is an accurate
topographic dataset in the area and detailed open boundary M2 tidal forcing for driving the model. In addition, accurate solutions (based upon comparisons with extensive observations)
using uniform grid finite difference models forced with these open boundary data exist for comparison purposes. By using boundary
forcing, bottom topography and bottom drag coefficients identical to those used in an earlier finite difference model, there
is no danger of comparing finite element solutions for “untuned unoptimised solutions” with those from a “tuned optimised
solution”. In addition, by placing the open boundary in all finite element calculations at the same location as that used
in a previous finite difference model and using the same M2 tidal boundary forcing and water depths, a like with like comparison of solutions derived with the various finite element
models was possible. In addition, this open boundary was well removed from the shallow water region, namely the eastern Irish
Sea where the higher harmonics were generated. Since these are not included in the open boundary, forcing their generation
was determined by physical processes within the models. Consequently, an inter-comparison of these higher harmonics generated
by the various finite element codes gives some indication of the degree of variability in the solution particularly in coastal
regions from one finite element model to another. Initial calculations using high-resolution near-shore topography in the
eastern Irish Sea and including “wetting and drying” showed that M2 tidal amplitudes and phases in the region computed with TELEMAC were in good agreement with observations. The ADCIRC code
gave amplitudes about 30 cm lower and phases about 8° higher. For the M4 tide, in the eastern Irish Sea amplitudes computed with TELEMAC were about 4 cm higher than ADCIRC on average, with phase
differences of order 5°. For the M6 component, amplitudes and phases showed significant small-scale variability in the eastern Irish Sea, and no clear bias between
the models could be found. Although setting a minimum water depth of 5 m in the near-shore region, hence removing wetting
and drying, reduced the small-scale variability in the models, the differences in M2 and M4 tide between models remained. For M6, a significant reduction in variability occurred in the eastern Irish Sea when a minimum 5-m water depth was specified. In
this case, TELEMAC gave amplitudes that were 1 cm higher and phases 30° lower than ADCIRC on average. For QUODDY in the eastern
Irish Sea, average M2 tidal amplitudes were about 10 cm higher and phase 8° higher than those computed with TELEMAC. For M4, amplitudes were approximately 2 cm higher with phases of order 15° higher in the northern part of the region and 15° lower
in the southern part. For M6 in the north of the region, amplitudes were 2 cm higher and about 2 cm lower in the south. Very rapid M6 tidal-phase changes occurred in the near-shore regions. The lessons learned from this model inter-comparison study are summarised
in the final section of the paper. In addition, the problems of performing a detailed model–model inter-comparison are discussed,
as are the enormous difficulties of conducting a true model skill assessment that would require detailed measurements of tidal
boundary forcing, near-shore topography and precise knowledge of bed types and bed forms. Such data are at present not available. 相似文献