Comparison of CO2 Effluxes and Their Driving Factors Between Two Temperate Steppes in Inner Mongolia, China

Soil respiration is a key component of the global terrestrial ecosystem carbon cycle. The static opaque chamber method was used to measure the CO2 effluxes from soil of a semiarid Aneurolepidium chinense steppe and a Stipa krylovii steppe in the Xilin River Basin of Inner Mongolia, China from March 2002 to December 2004. The results indicated that the soil respiration rates of the semiarid Aneurolepidium chinense steppe and the Stipa krylovii steppe were both relatively high from mid-May to mid-September of each year and remained low during the rest of the year. The minimum value of soil respiration occurred in December or January and negative effluxes of CO2 appeared for several days during the non-growing season of individual years at the two sampling sites. A high annual variation was found in the two steppes with the coefficients of variance (CV) being over 94%, even high to 131%. The annual sums of soil CO2 efflux of the Aneurolepidium chinense steppe varied between 356.4 gC m?2 yr?1 and 408.8 gC m?2 yr?1, while those of the Stipa krylovii steppe in the three years were in the range of 110.6 gC m?2 yr?1 to 148.6 gC m?2 yr?1. The mean respiration rates of the Aneurolepidium chinense steppe were significantly higher than those of the Stipa krylovii steppe in different statistical periods with the exception of the non-growing season. About 59.9% and 80.6% of the soil respiration variations in both steppes for the whole sampling period were caused by the changes of temperature and soil water content. In the Aneurolepidium chinense steppe, the soil respiration rate has significant or extremely significant positive correlation (r = 0.58 ? 0.85, p < 0.05 or p < 0.01) with air temperature and ground temperature of the topsoil except in 2002; the unique contributions of temperature change to the soil respiration variation of the three years were 53.3%, 81.0% and 58.6%, respectively. But, for the Stipa krylovii steppe in the same time interval, the soil water content (especially that of the 10–20 cm layer) has a greater effect on the change of soil respiration, and the unique contributions of the change of the 10–20 cm soil water content to the variations of soil respiration in 2002 and 2003 were 60.0% and 54.3%, respectively. In 2004, in spite of the higher contribution of temperature than soil water content, the contribution of ground temperature at a depth of 10 cm was only 46.2%, much weaker than that of any single year in the Aneurolepidium chinense steppe.     

放牧对内蒙古羊草群落土壤呼吸的影响

采用静态暗箱法,比较测定了放牧对内蒙古锡林河流域羊草群落土壤呼吸的影响以及水热等相关环境因子与土壤呼吸的关系。结果表明:放牧没有改变羊草群落土壤呼吸的季节性变化特征,但降低了土壤呼吸速率的年幅度;生长季放牧样地土壤呼吸速率显著低于封育样地,非生长季两样地土壤呼吸强度均处于较低水平,而且出现负通量的现象,放牧使羊草群落土壤呼吸年总量下降了约33.95％;从全年来看,无论是围栏还是放牧样地,封育样地和放牧样地土壤呼吸与温度因子均显著正相关(p<0.01,n=15),其中与10cm处地温相关性最好,但放牧降低了土壤呼吸对温度变化的敏感性;生长季水分影响作用高于温度,围栏封育样地0~10cm土壤含水量的变化可以解释土壤呼吸变异的87.4％,放牧样地10~20cm和20~30cm土壤含水量的变化共同可以解释土壤呼吸变异的74.9％。     

贡嘎山山地暗针叶林带森林土壤温室气体N2O和CH4排放研究

利用静态箱法对贡嘎山森林生态系统峨眉冷杉原始林、演替林以及峨眉冷杉采伐迹地土壤N2O和CH4排放通量进行了测定. 结果表明: (1) 各观测点土壤向大气释放N2O, 土壤为大气N2O的排放源, 而CH4的排放通量均为负值, 土壤为大气CH4的吸收汇, 各观测点N2O年均排放通量的对比关系为峨眉冷杉(Abies fabri)原始林＞采伐迹地>演替林, CH4年均吸收通量则表现为峨眉冷杉原始林＞演替林＞采伐迹地. (2) 各观测点N2O排放通量具有明显的季节变化, 夏季7～8月以及春季2～3月土壤N2O出现两次排放高峰, 冬季及春季3月中旬至4月N2O排放量较低. 各观测点CH4吸收强度的季节变化波动强烈, 规律不明显. 总的来说, 演替林和采伐迹地CH4吸收通量均以5月中旬至7月下旬为最高, 其余时间较低, 而峨眉冷杉原始林到9月份CH4吸收通量仍保持较高的数值. 与原始林相比, 演替林和采伐迹地的CH4吸收能力要弱些, 且采伐迹地的CH4吸收能力更弱, 森林砍伐降低了土壤对大气CH4的吸收能力. (3) 峨眉冷杉原始林N2O排放通量存在明显日变化规律, 且N2O排放通量与气温(r = 0.95, n = 11, a ＜0.01 和5 cm地温(r = 0.81, n = 11, a ＜0.01 呈显著正相关. CH4日变化规律不明显, 与气温、地温均无明显相关关系.     

生物结皮对内蒙古沙地灌丛草地土壤呼吸特征的影响

利用静态暗箱法分析生物结皮对内蒙古典型油蒿沙地灌丛草地土壤呼吸变化特征及水热敏感性影响。结果表明:生物结皮(BSC)与裸地(BG)土壤呼吸速率表现出类似的季节变化动态,BSC土壤呼吸年内变异系数约66.6%~81.7%,高于同期BG的50.9%~76.5%,其年际变异(22.4%)远大于BG(8.0%);BSC生长季土壤呼吸总量约126.88~186.07 gC/m²,显著高于BG(91.22~100.90 gC/m²)(p<0.05);BSC土壤呼吸对表层土壤水分变化的响应较BG更敏感,两个年份生长季BSC与BG表层0~10 cm土壤含水量变化分别能够解释土壤呼吸变异的81.3%,53.2%,57.8%以及55.4%。     

氮输入对陆地生态系统碳循环关键过程的影响

碳氮作为陆地生态系统最关键的两大生源要素,它们在自然界的循环过程中不仅各自对全球变暖做出重要贡献,而且两者的循环过程显著耦合,互相影响各自的作用和效果。从氮元素对植物光合作用、呼吸作用以及土壤呼吸作用影响的角度入手,综述了氮输入对陆地生态系统碳固定和碳排放这两个碳循环关键过程的影响特征和机理,分析了陆地生态系统碳源汇对氮素变化响应的不确定性,在此基础上对未来的相关重点研究方向进行了探讨和展望。     

贡嘎山山地暗针叶林带森林土壤温室气体N2O和CH4排放研究

利用静态箱法对贡嘎山森林生态系统峨眉冷杉原始林、演替林以及峨眉冷杉采伐迹地土壤N₂O和CH₄排放通量进行了测定. 结果表明: (1) 各观测点土壤向大气释放N₂O, 土壤为大气N₂O的排放源, 而CH₄的排放通量均为负值, 土壤为大气CH₄的吸收汇, 各观测点N₂O年均排放通量的对比关系为峨眉冷杉(Abies fabri)原始林＞采伐迹地>演替林, CH₄年均吸收通量则表现为峨眉冷杉原始林＞演替林＞采伐迹地. (2) 各观测点N₂O排放通量具有明显的季节变化, 夏季7~8月以及春季2~3月土壤N₂O出现两次排放高峰, 冬季及春季3月中旬至4月N₂O排放量较低. 各观测点CH₄吸收强度的季节变化波动强烈, 规律不明显. 总的来说, 演替林和采伐迹地CH₄吸收通量均以5月中旬至7月下旬为最高, 其余时间较低, 而峨眉冷杉原始林到9月份CH₄吸收通量仍保持较高的数值. 与原始林相比, 演替林和采伐迹地的CH₄吸收能力要弱些, 且采伐迹地的CH₄吸收能力更弱, 森林砍伐降低了土壤对大气CH₄的吸收能力. (3) 峨眉冷杉原始林N₂O排放通量存在明显日变化规律, 且N₂O排放通量与气温(r = 0.95, n = 11, α ＜0.01 ) 和5 cm地温(r = 0.81, n = 11, α ＜0.01 ) 呈显著正相关. CH₄日变化规律不明显, 与气温、地温均无明显相关关系.     

草原土壤的碳氮含量及其与温室气体通量的相关性

通过采样分析研究内蒙古锡林流域温带草原土壤有机碳及全N的含量特征,探讨它们的含量与温室气体CO2、N2O、CH4通量的相关性。结果表明：沿470－150mm年降水梯度线，土壤表层（0－20cm）有机碳含量从2．38％递减到1．23％，全N含量从0．218％递减到0．136％，而且放牧和开垦都有使有机碳及全N含量降低的趋势；CO2通量与有机碳含量、全N含量、C／N及N2O通量显著相关，N2O通量与有机碳含量、C／N及CO2通量显著相关，且CO2和N2O的通量都有沿降水梯度递减的趋势；CH4通量与有机碳含量、全N含量、C／N、CO2通量及N2O通量都没有显著相关性。     

“草地生态系统碳循环过程”研究进展

我国草地生态系统碳素总贮量为308 PgC,占陆地生态系统碳素总储量的15·2%,草地生态系统在碳循环研究中占有重要的位置。草地生态系统碳循环具有其独特的生物地球化学循环过程和作用,主要表现为:碳素储量绝大部分集中于土壤中,地上生物量中仅为10%;草地生态系统不像森林生态系统那样具有明显的地上生物量,但由于地上部分受放牧、农垦等的影响碳循环远较森林生态系统要强烈,地上部分碳循环不仅速度快,而且向大气排放CO2的作用明显;作为主要碳贮存库的地下部分,由于草地所处的特殊地理位置和气候条件,导致其地下部分分解普遍较慢,草地作为CO2汇的作用更为明显。因此,对于草地生态系统独特的碳循环过程与机制的研究     

Seasonal patterns of soil respiration in three types of communities along grass-desert shrub transition in Inner Mongolia,China

The seasonal dynamics of soil respiration in steppe (S. bungeana), desert shrub (A. ordosica), and shrub-perennial (A. ordosica + C. komarovii) communities were investigated during the growth season (May to October) in 2006; their environmental driving factors were also analyzed. In the three communities, soil respiration showed similar characteristics in their growth seasons, with peak respiration values in July and August owing to suitable temperature and soil moisture conditions during this period. Meanwhile, changes in soil respiration were greatly influenced by temperatures and surface soil moistures. Soil water content at a depth of 0 to 10 cm was identified as the key environmental factor affecting the variation in soil respiration in the steppe. In contrast, in desert shrub and shrub-perennial communities, the dynamics of soil respiration was significantly influenced by air temperature. Similarly, the various responses of soil respiration to environmental factors may be attributed to the different soil textures and distribution patterns of plant roots. In desert ecosystems, precipitation results in soil respiration pulses. Soil carbon dioxide (CO₂) effluxes greatly increased after rainfall rewetting in all of the ecosystems under study. However, the precipitation pulse effect differed across the ecosystem. We propose that this may be a result of a reverse effect from the soil texture.     

我国草地生态系统碳循环研究进展

文中首先分析了草地生态系统在碳循环研究中的地位和重要性,进而对我国草地生态系统碳循环的研究现状作了较为详尽的阐述,包括植物、凋落物、土壤三大碳库以及主要含碳温室气体通量等,对其主要研究结论进行了深入的剖析。同时提出了今后我国草地生态系统碳循环的重点研究方向和研究领域。