Carbon isotopic characteristics and their genetic relationships for individual lipids in plants and sediments from a marsh sedimentary environment

The carbon isotopic compositions of individual lip-ids can provide the genetic information about sedi-mentary lipids so that it has extensively applied pros-pects in geochemically studied field[1―8]. However, this applied research relies heavily on the accumula-tion of studied data in the genetic relationships between carbon isotopic compositions of individual lipids and their biological precursors in different sedi-mentary environments. Recently, the useful δ 13C data of individual lipids f…     

科罗拉多河上游的水利和区域规划——美国一个平原地区发展规划报道

科罗拉多河上游地区位于北美大陆分水岭的西侧,包括亚利桑那州、科罗拉多州、新墨西哥州、犹他州和怀明俄州。干流地区,除包括科罗拉多外,还有怀俄明州的格林河和大分水盆地以及圣胡安河。圣胡安河流域把犹他州、科罗拉多州、新墨西哥州和亚利桑那州贯通起来。总面积达300000平方公里。     

НАБЛЮДЕНИЯ ПРИЛИВНЫХ ИЗМЕНЕНИЙ СИЛЫ ТЯЖЕСТИ В Г.ЛАНЧЖОУ В 1959 ГОДУ

3a пocлeдниe roды инcтpyмeнтaльныe Haблюдeния yпpyгиx пpиливов пoлyqчилишиpокoe paзвити. Обширныe Мaтepиaлы Taких Haблюдeний Имеют paзличнуюцeннocть. Она зaвисит Нe Тoлbко oт чyвcтвитeльнoстн пpибopов и пpoдoлжитeль-иoстн измeрeний, но Taкжe и от геогpaфичecкoгo pacпoлoжeния стaнций. Извecтиo,чтo искaжaющee влияниe окeaничeских приливов yмeньшaeтся c yдaлeниeм cтaн-~ций oт моpских бepeгав. Пoэтому ocoбeнный интepec пpeдcтaвляют мaтepиaлынаблюдeний нa стaнциях, pacпoлoжeнных внyтpи кoнтиннтoв.     

古巴蛇绿岩侵位

根据岩性和构造特征，古巴划分出三套含蛇绿岩的构造单元：1）北部蛇绿岩带，混杂岩复合体沿古巴岛延伸长度超过1000km；2）白垩纪火山弧建造的变质岩基底；3）中古巴南部Escambray（Guamuhaya）高压变质地块中的构造片体。现有年龄分析资料表明，古巴现存洋壳年代为晚中生代，形成于两种不同的构造背景；1）晚侏罗世-纽康曼期，北美大陆及其南部大陆的漂移造成的小盆地；2）北美被动大陆边缘与阿普第-阿尔必（Aptian—Albian）期火山弧之间形成的俯冲带上部（suprasubduction）边缘盆地。Escambary（Cuamuhaya）地块中生代变质沉积岩中的蛇纹岩片体和高压角闪石形成于一小型洋盆关闭期间．时代很可能为阿尔必（Albian）期。火山弧岩层的变质岩基底来自于上侏罗统-纽康曼阶洋壳，并在中自垩世火山弧形成期间发生变质。北部蛇绿岩带可能来自上述小盆地，以及俯冲边缘盆地的，并自晚白垩世坎佩尼（Campanian）期至始新世中期发生多次侵位。古巴不同的蛇绿岩类型代表了南北美大陆之间泛古陆解体后形成的洋壳的残余物（加勒比洋盆原型）。文章提出并讨论了一种可能的板块构造模型。     

RS AND GIS-BASED FOREST FIRE RISK ZONE MAPPING IN DA HINGGAN MOUNTAINS

1INTRODUCTIONForests are one of the major natural resources that per-form important environmental and recreational func-tions (COSTANZA and GROOT, 1997). It is well known that forests can absorb atmospheric carbon, maintain a certain degree of humidity in atmosphere, regulate rainfall, moderate temperature, and restrain soil erosion, etc. (AURELIA, 2003). So, the health of a forest in any given area is a very important indicator of the ecological conditions. But fire is the great…     

The Effect of Tide on the Global Climate Change

The differential rotation between the solid and fluid spheres caused by tidal force could explain the 1500 to 1800 - year cycle of the worlds temperature. Strong tide increases the vertical and horizontal mixing of water in the oceans,dra-wing the cold Pacific water from the depths to the surface and the warm water from the west to the east, where it cools or warms the atmosphere above, absorbs or releases CO2 to decrease or increase greenhouse effect and to make La Nina or El Nino occur in the global. The moons declination and obliquity of the ecliptic affect the tidal intensity. The exchange of tidal energy and tide -generating force caused by the sun, moon and major planets makes the earths layers rotate in different speeds. The differenti-al rotation between solid and fluid of the earth is the basic reason for El Nino and global climate change.     

ASSIMILATION OF REAL OBSERVATIONAL DATA WITH THE GSI-HYBRID DATA ASSIMILATION SYSTEM TO IMPROVE TYPHOON FORECAST

A hybrid GSI (Grid-point Statistical Interpolation)-ETKF (Ensemble Transform Kalman Filter) data assimilation system has been recently developed for the WRF (Weather Research and Forecasting) model and tested with simulated observations for tropical cyclone (TC) forecast. This system is based on the existing GSI but with ensemble background information incorporated. As a follow-up, this work extends the new system to assimilate real observations to further understand the hybrid scheme. As a first effort to explore the system with real observations, relatively coarse grid resolution (27 km) is used. A case study of typhoon Muifa (2011) is performed to assimilate real observations including conventional in-situ and satellite data. The hybrid system with flow-dependent ensemble covariance shows significant improvements with respect to track forecast compared to the standard GSI system which in theory is three dimensional variational analysis (3DVAR). By comparing the analyses, analysis increments and forecasts, the hybrid system is found to be potentially able to recognize the existence of TC vortex, adjust its position systematically, better describe the asymmetric structure of typhoon Muifa and maintain the dynamic and thermodynamic balance in typhoon initial field. In addition, a cold-start hybrid approach by using the global ensembles to provide flow-dependent error is tested and similar results are revealed with those from cycled GSI-ETKF approach.     

IPCC-AR4全球气候模式在华东区域气候变化的预估能力评价与不确定性分析

本文分析了IPCC第四次评估报告中的全球气候模式在华东区域的气候预估能力与不确定性.以均方根误差作为衡量预估能力的标准,比较了IPCC-AR4中21个气候模式在中等排放情景下的预估能力,结果表明气候模式对华东区域气候变化的模拟能力差异较大,模式NCAR-CCSM3和MRI_CGCM2_3.2在年平均气温和年降水2个要素的均方根误差均较小.说明它们对华东区域的气候预估能力比其他模式强.在中等排放情景下,气候模式能够模拟出接近观测实况的年平均气温与降水的空间分布特征,但是由于空间分辨率较低,模式不能模拟出局部细致的结构:多模式集合平均对华东区域气温预估存在明显系统偏差,比观测实况偏低1.6℃以上,偏低幅度超过了不确定性(一倍的模式间标准偏差)能涵盖的范围;华东区域年降水模式间标准偏差占模式集合平均百分比为26.7%,表明直接用AR4多模式集合平均的结果难以准确反映华东区域该要素的未来变化.