从CMIP5看全球1.5℃升温

正2015年12月在巴黎召开的气候变化大会上通过了《巴黎协定》,其中提出在长期目标上,各方承诺将全球温度增幅控制在不超过2℃的水平,并向1.5℃温控目标努力,以降低气候变化风险。这个数字引起了广泛的注意,其后IPCC拟出版关于全球升温1.5℃的特别报告。由于涉及到未来的预估,需要用全球气候模式如CMIP5,因此本文从CMIP5来看全球1.5℃升温。1观测到的近10年全球温度变化     

评估43个CMIP5模式模拟全球能量平衡能力

<正>地球气候系统的能量平衡决定了地球气候及其变化的状况,因此全球能量平衡的研究一直受到重视,而地球气候系统模式对全球能量平衡的模拟效果也是研究的重要问题之一~([1-2])。IPCC第五次评估报告(AR5)指出~([1]),目前第五次模式对比计划(CMIP5)发展的地球系统模式在模拟气候系统5个圈层方面     

Long-term temporal trends (1992-2008) of imposex status associated with organotin contamination in the dogwhelk Nucella lapillus along the Icelandic coast

Using the dogwhelk Nucella lapillus as a biomonitor, we evaluated the organotin contamination along the Icelandic coast over nearly two decades. In 2008, adult dogwhelks collected from 30 locations were examined for imposex status. In 2009, tissue concentrations of six organotin species in dogwhelks from 16 of the 30 locations were analysed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Tributyltin was the most predominant residue ranging from 2.07 to 70.38 μg kg(-1) dw, while triphenyltin was also detected at concentrations up to 22.79 μg kg(-1) dw. Higher total organotin concentrations and imposex indices were observed at locations near large harbours (Reykjavík and Hafnarfj?reur). By comparing the current imposex results with those of previous surveys (1992-2003), we found that recovery was slow near the large harbours, but more apparent near the smaller harbours. We also observed a notable increase in imposex at several northwest sites implying incessant input of organotins.     

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INTERANNUAL VARIATION OF MERIDIONAL WIND ANOMALIES IN TROPICAL PACIFIC AND SSTA

The Singular Spectrum Analysis (SSA) method is used to conduct studies of periodicity of the SST and meridional winds in tropical Pacific Ocean. The results show that the air-sea system for the Pacific varies on quasi-4-year, quasi-2-year and interannual scales, with the quasi-4-year scale having the highest variability. Depending on the scale, the wind field has a varying degree of association with the SST anomalies. Difference is also found in the evolution of phase. In addition, the work discusses the difference in SSTA resulted from wind fields for quasi-4-year and quasi-2-year components.     

东亚夏季风的模拟研究──3个区域气候模式的对比

全球环流模式在东亚地区模拟可靠性评估研究表明存在不确定性，尤以降水更明显．该模式更难于模拟小范围（如一个省）和小时间尺度（如日）的气候变化．本研究用３个区域气候模式作１９９１年东亚夏季（５～８月）季风洪涝气候的模拟．其模拟结果与观测场作了严格的对比并进行了３个模式的相互对比．研究表明，３个区域气候模式成功地模拟了１９９１年夏季发生在我国江淮流域及日本南部的洪涝和几次特大暴雨过程以及相应的大气环流形势的分布．     

模拟温室效应对我国气候变化的影响

利用5个全球大气海洋海冰模式,模拟了大气中二氧化碳浓度的增加对我国冬季与夏季地面气温、降水率及土壤湿度的影响。结果表明,由于温室效应,我国冬、夏季气温增暖,降水率与土壤湿度也有明显变化。     

全球变暖的科学

全球变暖已经是不争的事实.根据目前主要的3个全球温度序列,1910-2009年的变暖趋势为0.70 ～0.75℃/100a[1].粗略地讲,目前已经变暖了0.8℃.如果把气候变化的阈值限制为2℃,则今后只有1.2℃的上升空间,这就是我们面临的严峻形势[2].根据全球气候系统的概念[3],全球变暖不仅仅是地面温度的上升,还包含了冰雪的融化、海平面的上升、多年冻土的退化及全球植被的变化等等.这些变化已经、正在或将来可能影响到人类生活的方方面面.     

ON WESTERLY WIND BURSTS IN EQUATORIAL WESTERN PACIFIC BEFORE AND DURING THE ONSET AND INITIAL DEVELOPMENT PHASES OF ENSO

By means of NCEP/NCAR reanalysis dataset,the origins of westerly wind anomalies at lowlevel over equatorial western Pacific Ocean before and during the onset and initial developmentphase of ENSO are explored.Evidences show that westerly anomalies in the equatorial westernPacific(140—180°E)are characterized by two remarkable enhancements in the spring and summerof the year when El Nine emerges.The enhancements are not only.to some extem.due to theeastward propagation of low-level westerlies in equatorial Indian Ocean.but also predominantlyresulting from Ihe intense convergence of the meridional wind from both hemispheres.Thelatitudinal convergence leads to the local intensification of zonal pressure gradient so as to cause thereinforcement and bursts of westerly wind over warm pool.Besides,by virtue of the effect ofearth rotation,the northeasterlies(southeasterlies)from the Northern(Southern)Hemisphereturn into northwesterlies(southwesterlies)progressively in the near-equatorial zone.whichdirectly strengthens the westerly velocity.Comparing the contributions of the meridional windfrom both hemispheres to westerly wind bursts,is seems that southeasterlies from the SouthernHemisphere are much stronger and more stable than northwesterlies of Northern Hemisphere.It isevident that the southeasterlies to the east of Australia originate from the southern mid-and highlatitudes and are in close association with the Southern Oscillation.     

EXTRA-SEASONAL PREDICTIONS OF SUMMER RAINFALL IN CHINA AND ENSO IN 2001 BY CLIMATE MODELS

China is a monsoon country.The most rainfalls in China concentrate on the summer seasons.More frequent floods or droughts occur in some parts of China.Therefore,the prediction ofsummer rainfall in China is a significant issue.As we know,the obvious impacts of the sea surfacetemperature anomalies(SSTA)on the summer rainfall over China have been noticed.Thepredictions of the SSTA have been involved in the research.The key project on short-term climate modeling prediction system has been finished in 2000.The system included an atmospheric general circulation model named AGCM95,a coupledatmospheric-oceanic general circulation model named AOGCM95,a regional climate model overChina named RegCM95,a high-resolution Indian-Pacific OGCM named IPOGCM95,and asimplified atmosphere-ocean dynamic model system named SAOMS95.They became theoperational prediction models of National Climate Center(NCC).Extra-seasonal predictions in 2001 have been conducted by several climate models,which werethe AGCM95,AOGCM95,RegCM95,IPOGCM95,AIPOGCM95,OSU/NCC,SAOMS95,IAPAPOGCM and CAMS/ZS.All of those models predicted the summer precipitation over China and/or the annual SSTA over the tropical Pacific Ocean in the Modeling Prediction Workshop held inMarch 2001.The assessments have shown that the most models predicted the distributions of main rain beltover Huanan and parts of Jiangnan and droughts over Huabei-Hetao and Huaihe River Valleyreasonably.The most models predicted successfully that a weaker cold phase of the SSTA over thecentral and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean would continue in 2001.The evaluations of extra-seasonal predictions have also indicated that the models had a certaincapability of predicting the SSTA over the tropical Pacific Ocean and the summer rainfall overChina.The assessment also showed that multi-model ensemble(super ensembles)predictionsprovided the better forecasts for both SSTA and summer rainfall in 2001,compared with the singlemodel.It is a preliminary assessment for the extra-seasonal predictions by the climate models.Thefurther investigations will be carried out.The model system should be developed and improved.     

二十世纪九十年代区域气候模拟研究进展

由于区域气候异常与社会经济及人类发展有紧密联系,因而长期以来受到各国气候学家的极大重视,与此密切相关的对区域气候的模拟研究也有了较大发展。进入２０世纪９０年代以来,区域气候模拟研究的进展更加明显。文中将着重分析全球气候模式对区域气候模拟的可靠性与不确定性;国内外对区域气候的模拟研究进展;以及对区域气候变化模拟研究的展望。