Numerical simulation of the structure and variation of upwelling off the east coast of Hainan Island using QuikSCAT winds

The spatial structure and variation of the upwelling in the waters east and northeast of Hainan Island, China during 2000-2007 were investigated using a nested high-resolution Princeton Ocean Model (POM) forced by QuikSCAT winds. The model produced good simulations of the summer upwelling and the seasonal and annual variability. Strong upwelling occurs from mid-July to mid-August with a peak east of Hainan Island associated with the southwesterly monsoon in the South China Sea. Sensitivity experiments indicated that when the local wind stress controls the variability of the upwelling, the large-scale circulation significantly enhances the upwelling northeast of Hainan Island by inducing a local upwelling and transporting cold water northeast-ward along the island’s east coast. The joint effects of the local wind stress and large-scale circulation result in stronger upwelling northeast of Hainan Island. This implies that the annual variation of the upwelling northeast of Hainan Island is controlled not only by the local alongshore wind stress but also by the large-scale circulation. This result will help us investigate the decadal variation of the upwelling in this region in the future.     

A dipole wind curl pattern induced by Taiwan Island and its effect on upper stratification in the northeastern South China Sea

Using hydrographic data sampled during four successive late summer-early autumn cruises in 2004-2007, vertical stratification along transects in the lee of Taiwan Island was analyzed to investigate upper ocean responses to orographically induced dipole wind stress curl (WSC). Results indicate that mixed-layer depth (MLD) and its relationship with thermocline depth varied under different local wind forcings. Average MLD along the transects from the 2004 to 2007 cruises were 18.5,30.7,39.2 and 24.5m, respectively. The MLD along the transects deepened remarkably and resulted in thermocline ventilation in 2005 and 2006, whereas ventilation did not occur in 2004 and 2007. Estimates indicate that frictional wind speed was the major factor in MLD variations. To a large degree, the combined effects of frictional wind speed and Ekman pumping are responsible for the spatial pattern of MLD during the cruises.     

一个考虑潮汐、中尺度涡和地形影响的南海底部环流诊断模型

本文构造了一个考虑潮汐、中尺度涡和地形影响下的南海底部环流诊断模型。在该模型中,潮汐混合和涡致混合引起的垂直速率用一个类似的改进参数化方案来表示。该模型结果显示在南海深层吕宋海峡"深水瀑布"和斜压影响最大,潮汐作用和中尺度涡影响次之,风场的影响最小。斜压影响的整体效应与其他因素相反。潮汐混合与涡致混合具有明显的地形依赖性。潮汐混合主要集中在南海北部海盆地形较为陡峭的陆坡区和南海中部海山区,而涡致混合主要集中在海盆西边界区以及中部海山区。在不考虑吕宋海峡"深水瀑布"、潮汐和中尺度涡的情况下(对应吕宋海峡关闭),南海底部环流为反气旋式环流。考虑吕宋海峡"深水瀑布"后,南海底层环流为气旋式环流,而潮汐混合和涡致混合起到加强整个气旋式环流强度的作用。此外,该模型还给出了南海底部环流量级大小与地形坡度之间的密切关系,即地形坡度较大的地方,其流速也大。这对于现场观测有着一定的参考意义。最后,本文用尺度分析的方法从理论上分析了该模型的适用性,证实了该模型具有一定的可靠性。     

Effects of the East Asian summer monsoon on tropical cyclone genesis over the South China Sea on an interdecadal time scale

Tropical cyclone (TC) genesis over the South China Sea (SCS) during 1965-2004 was analyzed.The locations of TC genesis display evident seasonal changes,with the mean position of formation situated nort...     

1992-2011年夏季南海西部离岸流区涡流相互作用特征

本文利用南海海洋再分析产品REDOS（Reanalysis Dataset of the South China Sea）和风场资料CCMP（Cross-Calibrated,Multi-Platform）,从能量学角度探讨了1992-2011年夏季（6-9月）越南离岸流区域涡-流相互作用特征,并通过能量收支方程诊断评估了风应力、压力梯度、正压不稳定以及平流的相对贡献。以越南离岸流的强度作为分类标准,对1992-2011年划分为正异常年、负异常年和正常年。结果表明,在正异常年,涡动能EKE（Eddy Kinetic Energy）和涡势能EPE（Eddy available Potential Energy）极大值主要分布在越南离岸流附近;在负异常年,EKE极大值向南北两侧分散,EPE极大值向北延伸;在正常年,EKE和EPE的极值空间分布介于正负异常之间。斜压不稳定是EPE年际变化的主要因素,越南离岸流影响周围海域的速度和密度分布,是斜压不稳定的主要原因。而影响EKE年际变化的因素较为复杂,压力做功是最主要的影响因素,风应力做功和平流做功次之,正压不稳定最小,其中正压不稳定依赖于流速大小和由风应力旋度扰动引起的上层水平流速剪切。     

Mesoscale structure of the central South China Sea detected by SCSMEX Buoy and Argo float

We addressed the mesoscale structure variation of the central South China Sea (SCS) with the measurements by a long-lived Argo float and a high-resolution ATLAS buoy during 1998–2002. T-S diagram indicates cooling and freshening events in 2000 and 2001 with lower salinity (0.5–0.8) and lower temperature (1–1.7°C). Significant decrease in the net heat flux and increase in the precipitation suggest that the cooling and freshening is due to extra forcing by the atmosphere. Additional to large year-to-year changes, intraseasonal variability is moderate in the research area. The axis of the maximum intraseasonal temperature and salinity signals are mainly located on the thermocline. Typically, amplitude and period of intraseasonal temperature is about 2°C and 40–60 days, and that of salinity is 0.3–0.5 and 35–60 days. Rapidly-changing winds, heat flux, and precipitation are critical in controlling the intraseasonal fluctuations of the mixed layer of the area. Studies on heat and freshwater balance in the mixed-layer further suggest that horizontal advection plays an important role in intraseasonal fluctuation in the upper ocean. In addition, the energetic mesoscale propagation radiated from the east boundary is linked to the intraseasonal variability in winter.     

南海北部海洋温、盐调查研究--2004年9月南海北部开放航次移动船载温盐剖面仪观测

在海洋调查研究过程中,对海水温、盐、深的测量是最关键的几个水文要素。目前国内对于该数据的获取大多是采用定点温盐深仪(简称CTD,如海鸟系列、XR系列等)进行测量。该方法是根据研究需要,在某些断面预先设定好需要观测的站点,然后分别对这些站点进行定点测量,通过所得的站点数据对整个断面进行分析。但由于仪器等方面的原因,这些断面上设定的站点非常有限,     

印尼贯穿流与南海贯穿流的年代际变化特征及机制

通过绕岛环流理论和SODA(Simple Ocean Data Assimilation)数据对印尼贯穿流(ITF)和南海贯穿流(即吕宋海峡水交换,LST)在1976年气候突变前后的特征进行分析。结果表明,1976年后吕宋海峡水交换体积输送(LSTT)异常增大,而印尼贯穿流体积输送(ITFT)异常减少。吕宋海峡东部东风分量和南海内部的北风分量的局地驱动是导致LSTT在1976年后增加的主要因素,南海内部异常北风分量对LSTT增加的贡献能够达到53%;而赤道太平洋的西风分量则是导致ITFT在1976年后减少的主要因素,其贡献大约为61%。1976年后15°N左右的NEC(North Equatorial Current)体积输送异常增强,但总NEC体积输送异常减弱。KC(Kuroshio Current)体积输送异常增强,而MC(Mindanao Current)、NECC(North Equatorial Countercurrent)、SEC(South EquatorialCurrent)体积输送异常减弱。赤道西太平洋由风场变化通过Sverdrup动力过程产生的异常气旋性环流阻碍了太平洋水体向印度洋的输入。     

南海及邻近海域异常海温影响局域大气环流的初步试验

南海及邻近海域表层海温（SST）异常的气候意义可以通过IAP－AGCM的数值模拟得到反映。数值试验表明，东亚大气环流对这种SST异常的响应具有时变性（或称季节性），在空间上维持一定的经向结构和纬向结构。确切地说，南海冷水年份，即南海和孟加拉湾负距平、西太平洋正距平的年份，2，3月份南海有东北风异常；夏季菲律宾附近维持一个反气旋式的差值环流，它的低频活动造成了这个地区九水场的低频振荡；与环流较一致的是夏季西太平洋副热带高压活动有所减弱、东移，造成了水汽经向输送的异常分布。     

卫星跟踪浮标和卫星遥感海面高度中的南海涡旋结构

选择4个南海卫星跟踪Argos漂流浮标及同期的TOPEX／Poseidon卫星遥感海面高度资料，研究了南海海域涡旋的活动及空间结构。这4个Argos漂流浮标的轨迹除了基本符合各季节海盆尺度环流趋势外，分别在菲律 宾以西、越南外海、南海中部等海域呈现出中尺度旋转轨迹。这些尺度涡旋现象在同期的TOPEX卫星遥感海面高度异常（SSHA）分布中得到了准确印证，并在诊断得到的地转流场中对应了一系列瞬变的中尺度涡旋运动。