以黑体为目标的能见度参考标准试验研究

黑体为目标的能见度测量是从科西米德定律出发,通过工业相机对黑体目标物进行拍摄,建立黑体和背景天空的数学模型,求得能见度。分析表明:当能见度小于30 km,黑体黑度和CCD(change-coupled device)工业相机的面非均匀性对该方法测得的能见度造成的误差约为3.7%。该方法与前向散射能见度仪测量进行对比,能见度变化趋势上具有一致性;但在高能见度时,黑体能见度测量值大于前向散射能见度测量值,低能见度时,黑体测量值小于前向散射能见度测量值。     

我国天文气候特点及潜在（光学／红外）优良台址探讨

收集了我国１９７８─１９８６年和１９９０年，共１０年时间的１９２个地面气象站每天四次总云量的观测资料，分别计算了北京时间０８ｈ，０２ｈ和０８ｈ以及２０ｈ，０２ｈ和０８ｈ的无云概率。分析结果表明：我国所处的天文气候条件的大环境并非是世界上最好的，但在国内相对较好的区域里，精心挑选出受局部地形影响形成的较好台址还是有可能的。     

海南GPS网探测对流层水汽廓线的试验研究

介绍了2005年11月在海南地区进行的一次地基GPS小网观测试验。试验目的是研究利用组网的GPS倾斜路径观测进行对流层水汽层析反演, 给出站点上空水汽的垂直廓线结构信息。概述了试验中GPS原始数据处理方法以及层析反演的方法。将GPS层析得到的水汽垂直廓线与海口站探空观测的水汽廓线进行了对比, 结果表明:二者一致性较好, 均方根误差在0.5g·m-3左右, 层析结果较好地反映出试验期间水汽减少、大气变干的过程。另外, 采用3种不同的先验信息方案测试分析了GPS层析的结果, 表明GPS观测量对水汽先验信息有明显的调整作用。并对GPS水汽层析中可能存在的问题进行了讨论。试验证明高时间分辨率的GPS观测有能力层析出GPS测站上空水汽的廓线信息。     

利用FY-2C静止卫星资料反演云粒子有效半径的试验研究

为充分发挥FY-2C静止卫星在人工影响天气和气候领域的重要作用，基于SBDART辐射传输模式，利用该卫星通道4（3．5～4．0μm）的探测数据，反演了云粒子有效半径，并与TERRA上MODIS的相应产品做了比较。结果表明，FY-2C和MODIS资料能一致地反映云粒子有效半径分布的主要特征，但反演的粒子大小存在差异。反演算法、卫星分辨率及选取通道的不同可能是造成两种资料间差异的主要原因。     

大连一次沙尘天气的遥感研究

利用中韩合作沙尘暴监测项目的微脉冲激光雷达（micro pulse lidar,MPL）观测了2005年11月6日影响大连的一次沙尘天气过程。MPL观测发现,影响大连的沙尘气溶胶层位于1～2km高度,厚度达1km,层内最大消光系数高达1．08km^-1,占整层气溶胶光学厚度（aerosol optical depth,AOD）的47％,接触到地面后可使地面消光系数达到0．23km^-1。沙尘气溶胶层与气象要素的垂直分布密切相关,整层的相对湿度很低。沙尘气团影响时地面空气动力学直径小于10μm的粒子质量浓度（PM10）达到峰值1678．9μg·m^-3,PM10的时间变化与MPL反演的近地面消光系数相当一致．两者之间的转换系数在1．94到6．50mg·m^-3·km^-1之间.     

西北地区春季云系的垂直结构特征飞机观测统计分析

根据2001年5—6月8架次的飞机探测资料,配合地面观测和卫星资料综合分析得出了西北地区春季云系的垂直结构宏微观特征,包括云厚、云底高度、云粒子浓度、含水量、有效半径、粒子谱分布函数等。降水性层状云厚平均约2000 m,低云含水量垂直方向上平均为0.07 g·m~(-3),中云含水量垂直方向上平均为0.03 g·m~(-3)。对比分析降水云和非降水云系的微物理特征量,两者存在显著的差异,降水性层状云有效半径要达到10～16μm。     

地基GPS遥感观测安徽地区水汽特征

对2002年6～7月安徽地区肥西、桐城、寿县、无为、芜湖、滁州6个GPS观测站的数据，结合相应的地面温度、气压等气象数据反演了时间间隔为30min连续变化的水汽总量。这一解算结果由解算方法分析达到1～2mm量级精度，达到了数值天气预报和气候研究的要求。利用这些资料，分析了上述地区水汽变化特征。单站水汽的持续积累和源源不断的水汽输送是强降水系统发生发展的必要条件，为了研究水汽来源及水汽量的大小，结合NCEP资料计算了一次强降雨过程中水汽通量值。     

MODIS卫星遥感气溶胶产品在北京市大气污染研究中的应用

利用NASA MODIS气溶胶光学厚度产品与北京市空气污染指数做了长期比较分析, 发现二者的直接对比相关较低; 在引入季节变化的气溶胶标高、考虑了气溶胶的垂直分布后, 二者的相关系数有所提高; 在考虑了湿度影响因子订正后, 二者的相关系数显著提高. 证实卫星遥感气溶胶光学厚度在经过垂直和湿度影响两方面的订正后, 可以作为监测颗粒物污染物地面分布的一个有效手段. 利用 MODIS资料对2004年10月一次污染个例的分析, 表明卫星遥感气溶胶可以细致描绘地面污染事件的形成过程, 发现区域尺度输送和地形因素对北京市空气质量具有显著影响. 高分辨率的反演结果给出北京城区及周边地区气溶胶光学厚度的年平均分布, 表明高分辨率卫星遥感可能在监测颗粒物排放源分布上具有潜在的应用价值.     

ISENTROPIC TRAJECTORY ANALYSES OF POLLUTANT TRANSPORT IN NORTHEAST ASIA-INFLUENCE ON CHINA FROM NEIGHBORING COUNTRIES

The transport of air pollutants from several big cities in the north of China and theneighboring countries is researched by using the isentropic trajectory model. The trajectories arecalculated twice daily for the cities in January, April. July and October for the period of 1992-1994. The statistical method has been used to deal with trajectory dots at intervals of 30 min forthe forward and backward trajectories during 0-24 h and 24-48 h. The probability distributiondiagrams of trajectory show clearly the ensemble properties of isentropic trajectories for each cityand the dominant transport directions of pollutants. They possess notable seasonal variations. Theforward trajectory areas of the Ulaan Baatar in Mongolia can spread over North China. and thoseof the Chita in Russia can influence Northeast China except in summer. In July the forwardtrajectory of Pyongyang and Seoul can extend northward to the boundaries of China.     

Macro-and Micro-Structures of Heavy Fogs and Visibility in the Dayaoshan Expressway

Belonging to the southern subtropical moist type of monsoon climate,the Nanling mountainous area experiences heavy fogs whenever quasi-stationary fronts appear there from September to May.There can be as many as 15-18 days of heavy fogs per month.Fogs have more serious consequences in the Lechang-Ruyuan section of the Beijing-Zhuhai Expressway(the longest expressway in China)that passes through the main part of the Nanling Mts.,where the road rises from 200m to more than 800m above sea level(ASL).For a major motorway in the mountainous areas of Nanling Mts.,two multidisciplinary integrated field observations were carried out,which measured visibility by the naked eyes,visibility by instrument,spectrum of fog- drops,liquid water content(LWC)of fog,tethered sounding,dual-parameter low-level sounding,turbulence diffusion within fog layers,aerosol spectra of size and composition,sampled fog water compositions,and sampled rainwater compositions.Typical cases were probed for their analyses of synoptics,micro- and macro-structures and microphysics.It is understood that heavy fogs take place with high frequency in the area and bring about serious consequences.Being typical advection and upslope fogs,they are in essence low-lying clouds appearing at high altitudes,which are closely related with the activity of South China frontal processes,especially the South China quasi-stationary fronts,and reflect on the role of local terrain as well.The heavy fogs are characteristic of long duration,extremely low visibility,well-organized lump- shaped structure,large-size fog-drops,moderate concentration,high LWC,and stronger turbulent diffusion within the fog layers than in fine sky.They differ much from radiation fogs,which are better documented in previous study in China.It is found that fog LWC is in significant anti-correlation with visibility so that large LWC is associated with small visual range.It is also noted that one of the reasons for the fluctuation of characteristic quantities of micro-structure such as the LWC of fog in the area is,in addition to the inhomogeneous structure of the fog itself,the effect of advection and inhomogeneous underlying surface; during the translation of fog with the ambient wind,irregular upslope and cross-over movement is another reason for the inhomogeneous structure and fluctuation of fog.The spectrum of the aerosol size displays itself as the power function of monotonous descent.The concentration of submicrometer particles is even higher.The high-concentration sulfate particles found in the aerosols of Nanling Mts.are actually good nuclei for condensation,which are favorable for the formation of fog.The presence of fog can help cleanse the trace compositions in the atmosphere so that fog droplets contain high levels of polluting elements.In the meantime,compared to cloud droplets,fog droplets are easier to be captured by the vertical surfaces of objects on the land surface,such as vegetation and buildings to constitute another kird of cleansing process. In vast stretches of forest like the Nanling Mts.,this kind of cleansing may be quite important.Studying the characteristic variation of fogs in the area realistically assists in setting up a forecast and warning system for local fogs and provides basic information for fog dispersal experiments.