关于季风动力学以及季风与ENSO循环相互作用的研究

季风和ENSO是影响亚洲和中国气候变化的两大系统,随着气候动力学研究的深入,国内外学者对季风及其与ENSO循环相互作用的研究取得了很大进展.作者回顾了近年来国内外关于季风动力学以及季风与ENSO循环相互作用的研究进展,主要综述了中国学者关于亚洲季风的认识与表述的深化,特别是对于季风的特征、系统性和年循环现象的认识.还回顾了中国关于亚洲季风的季内、年际和年代际变化、亚洲季风与ENSO循环相互作用等方面的研究进展.此外,还提出在季风动力学以及季风与ENSO循环相互作用方面需进一步研究的问题.     

Decadal/interdecadal variations of the ocean temperature and its impacts on climate

Decadal/interdecadal climate variability is an important research focus of the CLIVAR Program and has been paid more attention. Over recent years, a lot of studies in relation to interdecadal climate variations have been also completed by Chinese scientists. This paper presents an overview of some advances in the study of decadal/interdecadal variations of the ocean temperature and its climate impacts, which includes interdecadal climate variability in China, the interdecadal modes of sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies in the North Pacific, and in particular, the impacts of interdecadal SST variations on the Asian monsoon rainfall. As summarized in this paper, some results have been achieved by using climate diagnostic studies of historical climatic datasets. Two fundamental interdecadal SST variability modes (7– 10-years mode and 25–35-years mode) have been identified over the North Pacific associated with different anomalous patterns of atmospheric circulation. The southern Indian Ocean dipole (SIOD) shows a major feature of interdecadal variation, with a positive (negative) phase favoring a weakened (enhanced) Asian summer monsoon in the following summer. It is also found that the China monsoon rainfall exhibits interdecadal variations with more wet (dry) monsoon years in the Yangtze River (South China and North China) before 1976, but vice versa after 1976. The weakened relationship between the Indian summer rainfall and ENSO is a feature of interdecadal variations, suggesting an important role of the interdecadal variation of the SIOD in the climate over the south Asia and southeast Asia. In addition, evidence indicates that the climate shift in the 1960s may be related to the anomalies of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and North Pacific Oscillation (NPO). Overall, the present research has improved our understanding of the decadal/interdecadal variations of SST and their impacts on the Asian monsoon rainfall. However, the research also highlights a number of problems for future research, in particular the mechanisms responsible for the monsoon long-term predictability, which is a great challenge in climate research.     

大气对外强迫低频遥响应的数值模拟 II:对欧亚中高纬“寒潮”异常的响应

本文通过用IAP GCM所作的数值模拟研究了欧亚大陆中高纬度地区的外强迫在全球大气中激发的响应.结果清楚表明,同赤道地区的热源强迫一样,中高纬度地区的外强迫也可以在全球大气中产生低频遥响应;通过低频波列EAP,欧亚大陆中高纬度地区的寒潮异常可以对赤道中西太平洋地区的大气运动及全球大气环流有重要影响.对30—60天振荡的强迫激发来讲,地球大气的气候基本态是极为重要的,热带大气对于全球大气的低频振荡活动具有尤为突出的作用.     

对流凝结加热与不稳定波

本文用综合考虑Ekman-CISK和CMM-CISK机制的柱对称模型,讨论了对流凝结加热廓线对不稳定波的影响。分析和计算结果表明,对流凝结加热廓线对不稳定波有显著影响。 通过CISK 机制对流凝结加热不仅可以产生常定不稳定波并且还可以产生一种有周期性变化的振荡型不稳定波,低层有最大的凝结加热分布更有利于振荡型不稳定波的产生。积云摩擦作用是形成最不稳定波的波长选择性的重要因素,而凝结加热廓线也对这种选择性有直接影响。不稳定波的垂直结构随加热廓线的不同而有明显的差异。 对流凝结加热廓线还直接影响能量的产生和转换。最大加热层越高,则产生最大有效扰动位能的高度就越高。更有意义的是,这时有效扰动位能向扰动动能转换的效率也愈高。因此,对流凝结加热廓线的不同可能是热带低压扰动仅部分发展为台风而另一些不能发展的重要原因之一。     

SEASONAL VARIATIONS OF THE TROPICAL INTRASEASONAL OSCILLATION AND ITS REPRODUCTION IN SAMIL-R_(42)L_9

Seasonal variations of the tropical intraseasonal oscillation (ISO) and relationship to seasonal variation of the climate background are studied by using NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data and output of SAMIL-R42L9. Analysis of NCEP data shows that spatial distribution of the tropical ISO has obvious seasonal variations, which are well consistent with the seasonal variation of climate background. The activity of the tropical ISO is, to a great extent, dependent on warm SST, strong convection, zonal western wind, strong precipitation and low-level moisture convergence. Main characteristics of the seasonal variations of the tropical ISO are captured by SAMIL-R42L9. Simulations of seasonal variation of climate background vary greatly with different variables. Results of SAMIL-R42L9 indicate that the seasonal variations of the tropical ISO in dynamical fields are more dependent on climate background than in heating fields and SAMIL-R42L9 cannot represent well the strong dependence of the ISO on the climate background present in NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data. It also suggests that seasonal variations of the ISO do not completely depend on that of climate background.     

SVD相空间分析方法及其在海气耦合关系中的初步应用

利用非线性动力学中的相空间概念和场诊断分析中的SVD技术,提出了一种SVD相空间分析方法.应用该方法研究了热带太平洋E1 Nino区SST与东亚500 hPa环流场的关系.结果表明这种SVD相空间分析,优于EOF相空间分析,它不仅能在两个场耦合联系的基础上分析两场自身的变化过程和状态特征,而且能够揭示两场之间的内在相互联系;前期冬半年东亚冬季风异常偏强(弱)时,将导致未来El Nino(La Nina)事件的发生;前期El Nino(La Nina)事件,将导致未来冬半年东亚冬季风异常弱(强);由此建立了东亚冬季风与El Nino(La Nina)事件相互作用的概念模型,指出了东亚冬季风异常变化与El Nino(La Nina)事件互为双方发生发展的重要机制.     

热带大气季节内振荡的季节性特征及其在SAMIL-R42L9中的表现

分析了NCEP资料和SAMIL-R42L9中热带大气季节内（30～60天）振荡（ISO）的季节变化特征及其与平均气候场季节变化的关系。NCEP资料的分析表明：热带地区大气ISO在空间分布上存在明显的季节变化,大气ISO的季节变化与平均背景场的季节变化有明显的一致性。在空间分布上,热带大气ISO的活动对暖的SST、强的对流活动、西风、强的降水和低层水汽辐合有很强的依赖性。大气环流模式SAMIL-R42L9基本能够再现热带大气ISO空间分布上的季节转换特征,尤其在动力场（纬向风）上表现得最为明显。但对基本气候态季节变化的模拟,对不同的物理量有明显的差异。模式结果表明：热带大气ISO动力因子的季节性比热力因子的季节性对平均背景场的依赖性更大,模式不能很好地反映NCEP资料表现出来的ISO对平均背景场的强依赖性,同时也说明热带大气ISO的季节性可能并不完全依赖于平均背景场的季节变化。     

西南地区春季及其各月降水的气候特征分析

利用1951～2017年我国西南地区26个台站的降水观测资料,本文研究了该地区春季及其各月降水的基本气候特征。结果表明:5月是春季我国西南地区降水最多的月份,其占春季总降水的55.3%,此外,5月降水年际变化强度最大;西南地区春季及其各月降水均具有显著的年代际变化特征,5月降水在春季降水的年代际变化特征中占据主导地位;在年代际突变特征方面,西南地区春季降水存在显著的年代际突变特征,其在1970年代后期发生了减少突变,而在1990年代中后期发生了增加突变;在变化趋势方面,春季西南区域平均降水的变化趋势不明显,但从空间上看,西南地区东部表现出显著增多的趋势,而西部则表现出显著减少的趋势;在周期方面,西南地区春季及其4～5月降水均具有显著的年际和年代际变化周期,需要说明的是,3月降水没有明显的年代际变化周期,总体上看,5月降水在春季降水周期变化中占据主导地位。     

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近百年西北太洋热带气旋频数变化特征与ENSO的关系

本文根据西北太平洋近106年(1899～2004年)热带气旋系列资料,分析了热带气旋年频数多年变化的统计特征.结果表明:西北太平洋台风频数既存在明显的短周期的年际变化也存在明显长周期的年代际变化,是一种短周期与长周期相互作用的多时间尺度的变化.年际变化与ENSO有明显关系,ENSO事件的当年9月到次年8月冷事件年相对与暖事件年会有更多的台风生成和登陆.在年代际尺度上,106年的台风活动可以分为几个明显的活跃期和不活跃期,这种年代际的变化可能与海气耦合的经向模态调制有关系.