鄂霍茨克海阻高发展过程的正斜压涡度和涡度拟能的演变特征

用正斜压分解法,对1998年发生在鄂霍茨克海的阻高进行涡度和涡度拟能分析,结果发现在阻高的不同阶段,正压涡度和正压涡度拟能远大于斜压涡度和斜压涡度拟能且在不同的阶段有着不同的演变过程;在阻塞的酝酿阶段正压和斜压涡度和涡度拟能不稳定增长,且向西南传播;在维持阶段,正压和斜压涡度和涡度拟能的增长达到最大值,阻塞形势建立并维持在阻塞区域内;在消亡阶段,正压涡度和涡度拟能与斜压涡度和涡度拟能则呈现出不稳定减少,向东南传播,阻塞崩溃,然后又增长.     

QUASI-BIENNIAL OSCILLATION IN RAINFALL OVER CHINA

Based on monthly rainfall data from 80 stations of China for the period of January 1951—February 1985analysed in terms of the maximum entropy spectrum and EEOF(extended empirical orthogonal function)techniques,the spatial and temporal features of quasi-biennial oscillation(QBO)in the rainfall are investigatedin a detailed manner,with some results of interest acquired.Highly evident is the QBO in rainfall over China,especially the mid and lower reaches of the ChangjiangRiver,the NE side of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau,North China,the southern part of NE China,areas southof the Changjiang River and of the Nanling mountain region,and most of Xinjiang.The spatial wave described by the first and second eigenvectors of EEOF for eastern China is a type of wavetravelling from NE to SW,indicating the cycle of patterns(in the south to north direction):dryness(D)-wetness(W)-dryness(D)→southern W-northern slight D→W-D-W→southern D-northern slight W→D-W-D again,with the flooded region between the Changjiang and Huanghe Rivers for the D-W-D occurrenceand with the Changjiang River as the division for the southern W-northern slight D happening.The third andfourth eigenvectors show a standing wave-like feature for the same eastern part,indicating the cycle of D-W-D→transition→W-D-W→transition→D-W-D,again,where the transition means the generalweakening of drought and flooding and their subsequent reversal development.The amplitudes of the time coefficients of the first two eigenvectors are opposite in the trend of their changesto those of the next two and show a period of 10—14 years.     

Sensitivity Experiments on Summer Monsoon Circulation Cell in East Asia

The East-Asian summer monsoon meridional circulation (SMMC) cell is simulated together with two vigorous rainbands in terms of a primitive-equation model including in itself a variety of diabatic heating, frictional dissipation and moist processes under the condition of mountains available. Results are comparable to observations. Also, performed are experiments with the reduction of water content, and exclusion of the cumulus convective process and mountain effect. Contrast analyses indicate that the cell is strongly sensitive to the condition of the humidity field in the atmosphere, more intensely at 120°than at 100°E, and the presence (absence) of the cumulus convection has considerable effect on the intensification(weakening) of the cell, with the mountain ranges exhibiting more influence upon the cell at 100° than 120°E. This may suggest that a great difference lies in the cause of the cell for the two meridions.     

SIMULATION STUDY OF THE EFFECT ON COLD SURGE OF THE QINGHAI-XIZANG PLATEAU AS A HUGE OROGRAPHY

Using a limited-area P-σ incorporated coordinate five-level primitive equation model fed with theECMWF 5°×5°grid data,a simulation is made of a large-scale cold surge of late December 1982.Resultsshow that the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau has no profound thermal but dynamic effect on the East-Asian wintermonsoon that forces cold air to go southwards by its east side,exciting Kelvin waves behind the cold frontto result in the maximum NE wind.Besides,gravitational waves independent of the Plateau occur aheadof the front advancing towards the south.They may be due to the excitation involved in the front itself.The cold surge is propagated under the Hadley cell,making it strengthened and moved southwards.     

VARIATIONS IN THE TELECONNECTION INTENSITY INDICES AND THEIR REMOTE RESPONSE TO THE EL NINO EVENTS IN THE NORTHERN HEMISPHERE

In this study,the monthly and seasonal teleconnection intensity indices of the Pacific/North American(PNA),Western Atlantic(WA),Western Pacific(WP),Eastern Atlantic(EA)and Eurasian(EU)patterns for the periodfrom 1951 through 1990 are calculated.On this basis,their climatic variations and the relationship between the fiveteleconnection intensity indices and the El Nino events are examined.It is noted that when El Nino is at its mature stage(winter),the weak WP pattern is mainly characteristic of the circulation and the strong PNA pattern is the next.Insummer when El Nino occurs and develops,the strong EU,weak WP and weak WA patterns are the main characteris-tics without the PNA circulation anomalies.Finally,by the nonlinear mapping method a nonlinear mapping diagram isestablished for diagnosing El Nino using three summer teleeonuection intensity indices and May and August SouthernOscillation Indices(SOIs).Thus,the El Nino phenomenon occurring in 1991 is diagnosed.Besides,the winter atmos-pheric circulation of the 1991/1992 El Nino is found to be the weak WP pattern and the PNA pattern is also weak.     

青藏高原感热加热对7月份大气环流和亚洲夏季风影响的数值试验

根据低纬地区地表温度高、蒸发及降水量大、辐合上升运动剧烈等特点,本文构造了一个正压模式的方程组,提示出影响低纬大气波动的一个重要因素——海表温度SST。研究指出:(1)当SST<25℃时,含蒸发风反馈机制的Rossby波向西传播,当SST>25℃时.含蒸发风反馈机制的Rossby波向东传播。(2)SST的数值越高,空气越潮湿,含蒸发风反馈机制的Rossby波传播速度就越小。当SST超过29℃时,会形成周期为30天的低频振荡。     

夏季北半球500hPa月平均场遥相关型及其与我国季风降水异常的关系

用一点相关法计算了盛夏北半球５００ｈＰａ遥相关型，得到７月份北半球存在７个遥相关型，８月份有６个遥相关型。研究了它们的中心，计算了各遥相关型的历年强度指数（１９５１－１９９０），研究了它们的年际变化、月际变化。指出７月份的东亚太平洋型、北美东西遥相关型；８月份的ＥＡＰ型、欧亚型与我国盛夏季风降水关系密切。１９９１年夏季发生的弱ＥＡＰ型是江淮流域大涝的一个重要原因。     

北半球冬季中高纬30～60天振荡动能源,汇的特征

利用ＥＣＭＷＦ／ＷＭＯ资料，计算了１９８５年１１月－１９８６年３月的大气低频动能、低频动能通量散度，详细讨论其冬季平均的水平分布特征，并揭示大气低频动能源和汇的水平传播特征。结果表明：大气低频动能的大值中心正好对应于持续性异常的活动中心，且主要位于大气环流遥相关型ＰＮＡ和ＥＵ波列路径附近，大气低频动的强源（汇）主要位于西风急流的出口（入口）区；在中高纬地区，大气低频动能源和汇主要呈现向西的纬向传播