2008年雪灾过程高原上游关键区水汽输送机制及其前兆性“强信号”特征

利用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料、中国气象台站降水量资料、青藏高原及周边地区GPS水汽观测站网大气可降水量资料,采用统计诊断方法,分析了2008年中国南方雨雪冰冻灾害期间4次暴雪过程的动力、热力特征,水汽变化及其输送特征.研究结果表明,灾害发生期间,中国北方中低层大气盛行偏北气流,使较强的偏北冷空气"楔入"中国东南部低层大气,构成低层"冷垫",同时偏南暖湿气流源源不断地将大量水汽输送到中国东南部,冷暖气流交汇及其垂直切变导致强烈的上升运动,构成了"冷垫"上空的"暖盖"及"南槽北脊"反位相环流汇合锋区的垂直环流结构.反位相环流的偏南水汽主要来自南海和印度洋,两者在中南半岛和中国西南地区合并,构成经过云南及周边关键区的强西南水汽流,形成了长江流域特大雪灾发生的关键水汽通道.研究结果亦证实高原及周边地区JICA项目GPS水汽监测网信息可为中国长江中下游地区暴雪的发生提供具有预报实用意义的重要分析工具及数值模式同化初始信息源.云南及周边区域水汽含量的多少对下游地区后期降水的发生具有一定的指示意义,即水汽输送上游关键区大气可降水量的变化可作为此次南方雨雪冰冻灾害期间降水发生的"前兆性"信号,而云南则是西南水汽输送通道中尤为重要的关键区域.     

长江流域水汽收支与高原水汽输送分量“转换”特征

文中采用"箱体"模型边界的整层水汽输送特征描述长江流域梅雨带水汽收支总体效应,发现长江流域夏季降水与"箱体"模型整层水汽输送收支总量呈显著相关;青藏高原动力、热力强迫构成周边水汽输送特殊流型结构,大地形动力强迫导致高原周边水汽输送在高原南侧与东侧存在经向或纬向不同分量的水汽流型,且它们分别对长江流域梅雨带"箱体"模型水汽收支具有重要的影响.研究还发现高原南侧经向水汽输送与高原东侧纬向水汽输送分量之间呈显著相关特征,此研究揭示了长江流域洪涝过程上游高原周边关键区水汽输送不同分量间的"转换"特征,且此类水汽输送流型对夏季长江全流域各区域降水具有不同程度影响.上述高原周边水汽输送经向-纬向分量间的相互"转换"效应,是认识长江流域异常洪涝过程形成的关键环节之一.高原周边水汽输送分量相关结构及区域边界水汽收支问题将为长江流域洪涝预报提供科学依据.     

北京市空气污染预报业务显示服务系统

介绍北京市空气污染预报业务显示服务系统。该系统包括资料处理、动力统计预报、数值预报等模式计算及资料采集、处理、模式运行，预报显示、结果分发、资料查询、效果检验等多种功能。系统采用菜单技术，VB5．0编程，能正确运行各模式，完成所需功能。具有界面友好、可操作性强、功能丰富、简洁、易用、快捷、直观的特点。在业务应用中收到良好的效果。     

青藏高原夏季降水的水汽分布特征

本文利用青藏高原上夏季降水资料以及NCEP再分析资料，分析了高原上夏季降水与邻近地区水汽输送的相互关系。结果发现，高原夏季降水与春季的水汽分布关系比降水与同期的关系更为密切，最明显的相关区位于南海－云贵高原－孟加拉湾一带以及帕米尔高原地区。青藏高原降水典型旱、涝年的水汽分布具有相反的特征。追踪最主要的水汽中心发现，水汽是从阿拉伯海一带逐渐向东移，然后再从高原的东南部进入高原。这种现象可能与索马里越赤道气流有关。     

The Response of Anomalous Vertically Integrated Moisture Flux Patterns Related to Drought and Flood in Southern China to Sea Surface Temperature Anomaly

With the extreme drought (flood) event in southern China from July to August in 2022 (1999) as the research object, based on the comprehensive diagnosis and composite analysis on the anomalous drought and flood years from July to August in 1961-2022, it is found that there are significant differences in the characteristics of the vertically integrated moisture flux (VIMF) anomaly circulation pattern and the VIMF convergence (VIMFC) anomaly in southern China in drought and flood years, and the VIMFC, a physical quantity, can be regarded as an indicative physical factor for the "strong signal" of drought and flood in southern China. Specifically, in drought years, the VIMF anomaly in southern China is an anticyclonic circulation pattern and the divergence characteristics of the VIMFC are prominent, while those are opposite in flood years. Based on the SST anomaly in the typical draught year of 2022 in southern China and the SST deviation distribution characteristics of abnormal draught and flood years from 1961 to 2022, five SST high impact areas (i.e., the North Pacific Ocean, Northwest Pacific Ocean, Southwest Pacific Ocean, Indian Ocean, and East Pacific Ocean) are selected via the correlation analysis of VIMFC and the global SST in the preceding months (May and June) and in the study period (July and August) in 1961-2022, and their contributions to drought and flood in southern China are quantified. Our study reveals not only the persistent anomalous variation of SST in the Pacific and the Indian Ocean but also its impact on the pattern of moisture transport. Furthermore, it can be discovered from the positive and negative phase fitting of SST that the SST composite flow field in high impact areas can exhibit two types of anomalous moisture transport structures that are opposite to each other, namely an anticyclonic (cyclonic) circulation pattern anomaly in southern China and the coastal areas of east China. These two types of opposite anomalous moisture transport structures can not only drive the formation of drought (flood) in southern China but also exert its influence on the persistent development of the extreme weather.