金沙江上游雪隆囊古滑坡堰塞湖溃坝堆积体的发现及其环境与灾害意义

西藏芒康县金沙江上游雪隆囊河谷史前时期(全新世晚期)发生了一次明显的堰塞事件,形成了一个湖水体积约3.1×108 m3的大型堰塞湖。该堰塞湖形成后期发生溃决并引发异常大洪水,这一溃决事件发生在大约1 117 A.D.。地震诱发山体滑坡可能是金沙江发生堰塞的直接原因。在雪隆囊古堰塞坝体的下游一侧到其下游3.5 km的范围内,发现大量由砾石、砂和少量黏土组成的混杂堆积体,判定其为滑坡堰塞湖的溃坝堆积,是滑坡坝体及上游河床物质在坝体溃决后快速堆积形成。整套溃坝堆积体具有支撑-叠置构造、叠瓦构造和杂基构造等沉积特征,还具有一种特殊的沉积构造:即在垂向剖面上发育粗砾石层与细砂砾层的韵律互层,但剖面中缺少砾或砂的透镜体。这种沉积构造("互层构造")是溃坝堆积相区别于冲-洪积相、泥石流相等的一种重要判别标志。采用水力学模型反演确定雪隆囊古滑坡堰塞湖溃决洪水的平均流速为7.48 m/s,最大洪峰流量为10 786 m3/s。雪隆囊溃坝堆积体沉积特征及其环境的研究,不但有助于揭示古洪水事件发生的过程和机制,同时对于认识金沙江上游地区的环境演变也具有重要意义。     

椭球面上绘制大地线的算法

针对传统二维线划图无法表达大区域地理要素的问题,该文提出了一种在椭球面上绘制大地线的算法。以等间距内插空间直线逼近空间曲线这一思想作为基础,通过Bessel大地主题正、反算及克莱劳方程,实现大地线内插与绘制的综合分析与解算。实验结果表明,该方法较好地解决了在参考椭球面上难以精确绘制大地线的问题,对传统地图向三维椭球面线划图的转换与应用具有一定的参考价值。     

Comparison of Liquid Water Content Retrievals for Airborne Millimeter-Wave Radar with Different Particle Parameter Schemes

In the application of the physical iterative method to retrieve millimeter-wave radar liquid water content(LWC) and liquid water path(LWP), particle parameter scheme is the main factor affecting retrieval performance. In this paper, synchronous measurements of an airborne millimeter-wave radar and a hot-wire probe in stratus cloud are used to compare the LWC retrievals of the oceanic and continental particle parameter scheme with diameter less than 50μm and the particle parameter scheme with diameter less than 500μm and 1500μm(scheme 1, scheme 2, scheme 3, and scheme4, respectively). The results show that the particle parameter scheme needs to be selected according to the reflectivity factor when using the physical iterative method to retrieve the LWC and LWP. When the reflectivity factor is less than-30 d BZ, the retrieval error of scheme 1 is the minimum. When the reflectivity factor is greater than-30 d BZ, the retrieval error of scheme 4 is the minimum. Based on the reflectance factor value, the LWP retrievals of scheme 4 are closer to the measurements, the average relative bias is 5.2%, and the minimum relative bias is 4.4 %. Compared with other schemes,scheme 4 seems to be more useful for the LWC and LWP retrieval of stratus cloud in China.     

Kinematic features of a bow echo in southern China observed with doppler radar

A bow echo is a type of mesoscale convective phenomenon that often induces extreme weather and appears with strong reflectivity on radar images. A strong bow echo that developed from a supercell was observed over Foshan City in southern China on 17 April 2011. The intense gusty winds and showers caused huge losses of property and severely affected human lives. This paper presents an analysis of this strong meso- n-scale convective system based on Doppler radar observations. The isolated bow echo exhibited a horizontal scale of about 80 km in terms of reflectivity above 40 dBZ, and a life span of 8 hours. The system originated from the merging of a couple of weakly organized cells in a shear line, and developed into an arch shape as it moved through the shear zone. Sufficient surface moisture supply ensured the convective instability and development of the bow echo. The low-altitude winds retrieved from single Doppler radar observations showed an obvious rear-inflow jet along the notch area. Different from the conventional definition, no book- end anticyclone was observed throughout the life cycle. Very strong slantwise updrafts and downdrafts were recognizable from the retrieved winds, even though the spatial scale of the bow echo was small. Strong winds and induced damage on the surface are considered to have been caused by the mid-level rear-inflow jet and intense convective downdrafts.     

地下工程测量课程教学改革的探讨

根据测绘专业的人才培养目标,结合地下工程测量发展情况,对地下工程测量课程在教学内容、课程体系、教学环节、教学方法等方面的改革进行了探讨,指出该课程教学改革中所存在的问题并提出自己的观点。     

北京天文馆首次出席世界天文馆馆长会议

北京天文馆首次出席世界天文馆馆长会议１９９６年１１月５日－１２日，我出席了由欧洲三国匈牙利、奥地利和捷克在其国家首都天文馆联合举办的第十二届世界天文馆馆长会议（简称ＩＰＤＣ）这次会议的主会场分别设在三个国家的首都，即：布达佩斯、维也纳和布拉格天文馆内...     

重新开放的北京古观象台

重新开放的北京古观象台崔石竹经过全面修复整葺一新的北京古观象台于１９８３年４月１日重新对社会开放至今已有１３年，在短短的１０余年里，不论是在天文学史的陈列展览、文物复制，还是在天文学史的研究、科普宣传、外事往来等方面，都做出了新成绩，在国内外天文学界...     

海盗战术

“盗亦有道”，在海盗活动产生以来的数千年时间里，海盗战术不断发展。从计划到实施，海盗形成了独特的作战方式。战前准备 所谓“知己知彼，百战百胜”。在每一个海盗组织中，存在着各式各样的“间谍”，他们负责收集猎物的蛛丝马迹，并把它们完整地传达给海盗首领。海盗首领们会组织人员对这些情报进行分析，绝不会放过任伺一个细节。     

庐山“冰川遗迹”质疑

自“冰期之庐山”发表以来,第四纪古地理、冰碛沉积相等方面的研究已取得很大进展。近年来,我们对庐山地区和天山等山地的地貌和沉积物进行了比较研究,特撰写此文,对庐山“古冰川遗迹”进行再认识,不妥之处欢迎指正。     

塔里木河流域的草场资源及其利用

塔里木河是我国最长的内陆河,流域草场资源丰富,面积1803万亩,占该河流域土地总面积的39.4％,素有“广饶水草”之说,经营畜牧业历史悠久,羔皮羊载誉全球,是我国三北羊主要产地之一。1976—1977年参加新疆荒地资源综合考察队,对西自阿拉尔,东至铁干里克的塔里木河流域的草场进行了考察,未到之处借助于航片和卫片“神瞰”其全貌。现就该地草场的形成条件,类型特征,演替规律,资源评价与利用意见加以讨论。