地表基质钻探取样技术方法与应用研究

地表基质取样是开展地表基质层调查必不可少的工作环节,笔者等在浅地表层钻探技术的基础上,结合浅覆盖区矿产勘查、地球化学勘查、区域地质填图、环境调查、工程勘查、考古调查等领域钻探技术应用现状,根据不同地表景观及基质类型条件下的钻探取样需求,梳理了岩石、砾质、土质、泥质等地表基质钻探取样技术要点,研发了电动背包式钻机、Ф60/40mm单管冲击钻进、Ф50mm双管冲击钻进、Ф208mm中空螺旋钻进等取样器具及配套钻进工艺,在北京、内蒙古巴彦淖尔、浙江宁波、西藏那曲等地区开展了野外试验应用,通过获取满足要求的样品,很好的揭示了地层信息及物质组成,进一步在实践中提出了不同种类地表基质钻探取样技术方法,为建立自然资源调查监测体系及地表基质层调查工作提供钻探技术支撑。     

新型泥石流柔性防护体系冲击动力响应分析

为了减轻泥石流大石块造成的灾害,提出了新型泥石流柔性防护体系。考虑不同加载工况,运用有限元软件ANSYS/LS-DYNA对防护体系进行抗泥石流中大石块冲击的数值模拟,研究了冲击物质量、速度,柔性防护体系的钢筋直径、网格尺寸对防护体系动力性能的影响。结果表明:冲击物质量或速度增加,体系的冲击力明显增大,总能量增加且转化为内能效率增大,冲击处位移明显增大。加大钢筋的直径后冲击力增加,体系不失效情况下内能转化率减小,位移减小;随着网格尺寸增大,冲击力减小,而内能转化率略微增大,冲击点处位移明显增大。因此建议在实际应用中应合理设计拉索直径及网格间距。     

鲁西地区接触交代（矽卡岩）型铁矿成矿机制——以济南地区为例

鲁西地区接触交代（矽卡岩）型铁矿主要分布在沂沭断裂带西侧鲁中隆起区济南、莱芜、金岭、潘店等地。济南地区铁矿资源丰富,亦是鲁西四大接触交代型铁矿成矿区之一。铁矿床形成于中生代燕山晚期中偏基性侵入杂岩与奥陶纪马家沟群碳酸盐岩的接触带上。济南地区杂岩体受齐广断裂控制,铁矿体在空间上严格受接触带的控制。通过岩石学、岩石化学、地球化学等分析,结合精细锆石LIMS U-Pb测年,发现济南地区中生代侵入杂岩形成时代约为130 Ma,属早白垩世燕山晚期,岩石类型具有同源岩浆演化特征;岩浆活动过程中有早期壳源物质参与,原始母岩浆来源于上地幔与下地壳,是在源区与早期拆沉的下地壳物质混合熔融所形成的产物。鲁西地区中生代燕山晚期侵入杂岩体源岩及围岩为铁矿提供铁质及矿化剂并提供热动力条件,各类构造为矿液运移提供通道及容（储）矿空间,接触交代变质为成矿提供动力条件,从而在该地区形成接触交代（矽卡岩）型铁矿。     

浅层钻探技术在山区输电线路勘察中的应用研究

山区输电线路塔位区大多山高坡陡、植被发育、水源匮乏,导致钻探设备搬迁困难、用水不便,严重影响地质钻探工作开展。本文聚焦山区输电线路地质勘察工作需求,开展基于浅层钻探技术的系统性、集成性研究,引入了小口径（?46 mm）绳索取心技术,研制了新型高效的PDC钻头,优化了钻机提钻装置、循环系统、钻井液配方等,并在试验中得到验证。结果表明,无水钻进工艺适用于山区输电线路地质勘察,浅钻绳索取心技术可有效解决孔壁坍塌、钻进效率低等问题,升级后的钻机循环系统可进行钻井液循环钻进,通过优化钻井液配方可将取心率提高到85%以上,解决了山区输电线路地质钻探工作效率低、取心率低等问题。     

Wind tunnel experimental study on shed tunnels to prevent and control blowing snow on highways北大核心CSCD

There is a severe phenomenon of blowing snow by wind in winter in Mayitas area of Xinjiang. Road traffic interruptions and casualties caused by wind and snow disasters often occur. The existing engineering measures can alleviate the problems of low visibility and problems with accumulating snow on pavement caused by wind and snow to a certain extent, but cannot completely eliminate the impact. Aiming at the problem that the blowing snow disaster difficult to be completely cured under strong wind conditions, a shed tunnel engineering treatment scheme is proposed, and a wind tunnel simulation experiment is carried out on the shed tunnel form and snow prevention scheme at the entrance of the tunnel. The wind tunnel experimental section is 8 m long, 1. 3 m horizontally wide and 1 m high. The shed tunnel model is made by 1:60 scale 3D printing method, the snow barrier model is made of wooden strips, and the simulation medium is made of fine sand, refined salt and sawdust. Firstly, three kinds of shed structures, including fully enclosed, overhanging and ventilated, were simulated under the condition of 90° wind direction, and compared with the form of blowing snow stacking. Three parameters for similarity were used:density, particle size and stacking shape. The similarity is determined by weighted Euclidean distance between simulation medium and blowing snow, the similarity of the slump angle of the predecessors is verified, and the most suitable medium for simulating blowing snow is deduced. According to the experimental results, combined with the actual situation of wind blowing and snow disasters in Mayitas, flow field of the closed shed tunnel by a wind direction angle of 30° has been separately conducted with or without protective measures. The results show that when the wind tunnel stacking experiment is used to study the deposition state of blowing snow under non-low temperature conditions, the sawdust has good similarity with the blowing snow in the process of wind and snow movement. A large amount of medium was poured into the ventilated shed during the experiment, which proved that its anti-wind and snow performance was not ideal. By contrast, the closed shed and the overhanging shed have better wind and snow prevention effects. The snow barrier has a good blowing snow inhibition function at the entrance. From the stacking experiment, in the comparison with and without snow barrier, volume of the medium in the shed is very different, which proves that the snow barrier can effectively prevent the blowing snow from entering the shed. Among them, the difference in wind speed inside and outside the shed is obvious, which proves that snow barrier can significantly reduce the wind speed outside the shed and has the function of inhibiting the formation of weak wind areas inside the shed. The study has confirmed that the shed tunnel project with suitable snow barrier layout plan for tunnel entrance protection is an effective means to control wind and snow disasters. For highway traffic in Xinjiang, it is a feasible solution to use shed tunnel engineering to control blowing snow disasters. After dealing with the snow deposition at the entrance of shed tunnel, the shed tunnel engineering form of low-cost environment integration and the vehicle operation safety guarantee measures of long-distance shed tunnel are the problems that need to be solved in the future. © 2022 Tianjin Press of Chinese Herbal Medicines. All rights reserved.     

华北平原沧县隆起边界断裂的第四纪活动性及深部构造特征

沧东断裂是渤海湾裂谷盆地西侧规模最大的正断层,也是沧县隆起与黄骅坳陷的分界断裂,其活动和发展直接控制了沧县隆起和黄骅坳陷的发育与演化。采用近三十年来横跨沧东断裂不同段落获取的5条浅层地震勘探成果资料,并结合测线附近的钻孔资料,深入研究沧东断裂的第四纪活动性及深部构造特征。浅层地震勘探结果发现,沧东断裂上断点埋深从南至北由深变浅,但集中在埋深118～300 m范围,错断的最新地层为中更新统,推断其最新活动时代为中更新世,而且断裂的活动时代未发现具有分段性特征。进一步综合深地震反射、大地电磁测深、沧州地区小地震分布与中强地震震源机制等资料,对沧东断裂的深部构造特征分析后发现,沧东断裂具有典型的铲状正断层特点,在深度10 km左右转为了近水平延伸,沧东断裂并非区域上主要控震断裂,或者只是低风险活动断裂,未来发生中强地震的风险可能相对较低。     

高寒草甸土壤微生物功能多样性对积雪变化的响应

积雪是高寒地区不可忽视的生态因子,不仅直接影响土壤温度、水分,而且间接影响土壤微生物群落组成和多样性。为研究高寒草甸生态系统中土壤微生物对积雪变化的响应,于2013年11月至2014年7月在青藏高原东缘红原县高寒草甸,通过人工堆积的方法建立4个不同积雪梯度,以自然积雪量为对照（CK）,2倍于自然积雪量（S1）、3倍于自然积雪量（S2）、4倍于自然积雪量（S3）。运用Biolog-Eco板法研究不同积雪梯度下土壤微生物功能多样性,并测定积雪变化对土壤温度和土壤养分的影响。结果表明：积雪期内,0~10 cm土层土壤温度随着积雪量的增加而降低,而10~20 cm土层随积雪量增加先降低后升高。增加积雪量处理后0~10 cm土层全磷（TP）、有机碳（SOC）显著增加（P<0.05）;而10~20 cm土层仅S3下全氮（TN）、TP、SOC增加。每孔平均变化率值（Average well color development,AWCD）在0~10 cm土层表现为CK > S2 > S1 > S3,而10~20 cm表现为S2 > S1 > CK > S3。在0~10 cm土层,S3处理显著降低了土壤微生物多样性McIntosh指数、Shannon-Wiener指数和Pielou指数（P<0.05）; 10~20 cm土层,S1和S2处理下多样性指数显著增加（P<0.05）。主成分分析显示：氨基酸类和酚酸类是微生物利用的主要碳源类型。相关性分析表明：多样性指数与TP、SOC、碳氮比（C/N）显著负相关（P<0.05）,氨基酸类碳源与TP、C/N显著负相关（P<0.05）。因此,冬季积雪一定程度上影响着土壤温度和土壤养分,进而影响高寒草甸土壤微生物群落功能多样性。     

鄂尔多斯盆地JX井延长组砂岩固碳潜力分析

神华集团在我国CO₂地下埋藏的潜在目标区(鄂尔多斯盆地)实施的CO₂注入工程仍存在有关其注入层之上泥岩盖层安全性方面的争议.通过对与神华集团CO₂注入井相邻且钻遇地层系统、岩石组合一致的JX井三叠系延长组(位于注入层之上)的研究预测一旦CO₂透过盖层后的再续固碳能力.研究层位岩屑样品类型主要为长石砂岩和岩屑长石砂岩,其次为岩屑砂岩和岩屑石英砂岩;其物源区岩石类型主要为长英质火山岩、其次为中性火山岩及少量富含石英的沉积岩,具中性斜长岩成分特征;其上段(466~534 m)及下段(666~958 m)砂岩母岩受到弱-中等化学蚀变,并可能经历了再旋回过程;中段(534~666 m)砂岩母岩未受化学蚀变影响,并可能为第一次旋回沉积物.作为潜在的CO₂再续固碳场所,延长组砂岩具有实现CO₂矿物圈闭的物质条件及形成片钠铝石、方解石、铁白云石和菱铁矿等固碳矿物的潜力.     

黄河头道拐水沙变化多元驱动因子贡献率分析

根据1950—2010年水沙实测资料,采用统计分析方法,通过构建非线性响应模型,辨识了水沙变化主导驱动因子,定量评估了多因子对黄河上游头道拐水沙变化的贡献率.结果表明:头道拐1950—2010年多年平均径流量减少速率为2.23亿m3/a,多年平均输沙量减少速率为0.027亿t/a,1987—2010年径流泥沙减少趋势更为明显,同期输沙量减幅明显大于径流量减幅;1969—2010年气候因子和下垫面因子对头道拐站年径流模数和年输沙模数变化的贡献率均约为2:8,下垫面因子明显占主导地位,其中宁蒙灌区年引水量对年径流模数变化的贡献率最大,达到42%,龙羊峡和刘家峡等水库运用对年输沙模数变化的贡献率最大,达到34%.预计今后兰州以上径流变化和兰州至头道拐区间主要支流来沙变化两大自然因素将是头道拐水沙变化的主导因子;灌区引水和支流水土保持综合治理减沙对头道拐水沙变化的贡献率将居主导地位.