一次台风前部龙卷的多普勒天气雷达分析

通过分析2004年8月25日发生在浙江省宁波市的一次台风前部龙卷发生发展的环境特征, 发现该龙卷发生在台风前部风切变区里, 尽管当时涡度、散度等物理量对于深对流发展不是非常有利, 但下湿中干、强的垂直风切变及地形条件等还是有利于局地弱龙卷的产生; 在宁波新一代天气雷达产品上表现为强的钩状回波, 速度场上有相邻的正负速度中心及强的组合切变值等。通过多个反射率产品、剖面产品等综合分析了该风暴的三维结构, 初步了解此类弱龙卷的发生机理, 为以后的预报提供一些经验。     

大气对流初生的研究进展与展望

大气中的对流初生(Convective Initiation,CI)是强对流天气发生的重要征兆,是强对流天气预报预警的重点所在,近些年越来越被关注。本文回顾了国内外CI的研究进展,主要包括CI的定义、基于雷达数据和卫星数据的CI成熟算法、CI局地时空分布特征、影响CI的主要因子等方面。在此基础上,对CI未来研究作一展望,以期加深对CI的认识,为强对流天气短临预报预警提供参考依据。     

中国三江源地区降水研究的进展与展望

三江源地区位于中国青藏高原腹地,被誉为“中华水塔”。该地区降水和空中云水资源的分布及变化对中国淡水资源的影响至关重要,且影响着三江源地区及下游的生态系统。本文回顾和总结了近几十年来三江源地区降水和空中云水资源的空间分布及时间演变特征、降水的影响机制以及未来降水趋势预测方面的研究成果,并给出了进一步研究展望。     

“96.8”暴雨过程的尺度分离动能方程的诊断

用尺度分离的动能平衡方程,对1996年8月3～5日华北地区台风暴雨过程雨区内的动能制造和转换进行诊断。结果表明:动能在暴雨发展过程逐渐减小,动能转换项也是逐渐减小的。暴雨发生前,尺度相互作用制造项GKMS起最重要的作用,大尺度动能制造项次之,中尺度动能制造项消耗少量的动能;暴雨发生时,尺度相互作用和天气尺度运动仍制造动能,只是比发生前明显减少,中尺度运动由消耗动能转变为制造动能,动能转换主要来源于低层且数值明显减少;暴雨发生后,动能制造项数值仍为正,此时天气尺度动能制造最重要,但数值比前两阶段小,动能的转换主要出现于高层。可见,此次暴雨过程总动能的制造项一直为正,主要出现于高层,只是其制造量逐渐减小;动能转换是从低层向高层进行的,水平转换项起主要作用,是一种尺度减小的动能转换过程。     

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE MERIDIONALLY ORIENTED SHEAR LINES OVER THE TIBETAN PLATEAU AND ITS RELATIONSHIP WITH RAINSTORMS IN THE BOREAL SUMMER HALF-YEAR

In this paper, European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts(ECMWF) Reanalysis-Interim(ERAInterim) data and daily precipitation data in China from May to October during 1981-2016 are used to study the climatic characteristics of the meridionally oriented shear lines(MSLs) over the Tibetan Plateau(TP). The relationship between the MSL and rainstorms in the eastern TP and neighboring areas of the TP during the boreal summer half-year is also investigated. An objective method, which uses a combination of three parameters, i.e. the zonal shear of the meridional wind, the relative vorticity and the zero line of meridional wind, is adopted to identify the shear line. The results show that there are two high-occurrence centers of MSL. One is over the central TP(near 90°E) and the other is over the steep slope area of the eastern TP. Fewer MSLs are found along the Yarlung Zangbo River over the western TP and the southern Tibet. There are averagely 42.2 MSL days in each boreal summer half-year. The number of MSL days reaches the maximum of 62 in 2014 and the minimum of 22 in 2006. July and October witness the maximum of 10.2 MSL days/year and the minimum of 4.2 MSL days/year, respectively. The annual number of the MSL days shows periodicities of 2-4 and 4-6 years, which is quite similar to those of the MSL rainstorm days. In the neighboring areas of the TP, nearly56% of the MSLs lead to rainstorms, and nearly 40% of rainstorms are caused by the MSLs, indicating a close relationship between the MSLs and rainstorms in this region.     

Study on the Structure of a Horizontal Shear Line over the Tibetan Plateau Based on CRA-Interim Datasets and Its Comparison with ERA-Interim Datasets

The CRA-Interim trial production of the global atmospheric reanalysis for 10 years from 2007 to 2016 is carried out by the China Meteorological Administration (CMA) in 2017. The structural characteristics of the horizontal shear line over the Tibetan Plateau (TPHSL) based on the CRA-Interim datasets are examined by objectively identifying the shear line, and compared with the analysis results of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF)the European Center (ECMWF) reanalysis data (ERA-Interim). The case occurred at 18UTC on July 5, 2016. The results show that both of the ERA-Interim and CRA-Interim datasets can well reveal the circulation background and the dynamic and thermal structure characteristics of TPHSL, and they have shown some similar features. The middle and high latitudes at 500 hPa are characterized by500hPa present the circulation situation of     

利用TBB资料对西太平洋副热带高压特征的分析和描述

利用卫星TBB资料和500 hPa位势高度场资料, 分析了西太平洋副热带高压(下称西太副高)的北进及南撤特征。结果表明: 西太平洋副热带地区的TBB场呈带状分布, >275K的TBB区随季节的变化从1月至12月表现为先北跳又南落之势, 它与西太副高的北跳和南落同步, 其大值区可以表征西太副高的范围。西太副高脊线(500 hPa上的u=0 线)与TBB大值区轴线的走向基本一致。不同季节可以不同的TBB值来描述西太副高。同时指出, 以TBB大值区所描述的西太副高与雨区的配置较588 gpdm等高线与雨区的配置要好, 并且可以避免588 gpdm等高线所产生的假象。另外, 每3 h TBB场的分析可为暴雨的逐3 h预报提供参考。     

热带对流层上空东风带扰动影响西太平洋副热带高压的个例分析

利用NCEP/NCAR 1000-10 hPa 2.5°×2.5°日平均和每日4次再分析资料,分析了2003年6月19-25日热带对流层上空东风带扰动对西太平洋副热带高压东西向进退的影响.结果表明热带对流层上空东风带扰动从对流层中低层伸展到50 hPa高度附近,在200 hPa上表现最为明显,在热力场上表现出\     

梅雨锋暴雨的Q矢量定性分析

本文利用1991年7月5日20时－6日20时一次江淮梅雨锋暴雨过程实部资料，结合地面降水分析，定性地比较分析了准地转Q矢量、半地转Q矢量及湿Q矢量的诊断特性。结果表明，半地转Q矢量比准地转Q矢量优越。非地转Q矢量与湿Q矢量相差不大，都明显比半地转Q矢量及准地转Q矢量优越。准地转Q矢量表现最差；700hPa各Q矢量的辐合场较各自在850hPa及500hPa的相应场对降水的反映更好，尤其是700hPa非地转Q矢量及湿Q矢量辐合场与同时刻地面降水的发生有很好的对应关系；与降水对应的Q矢量的辐合场基本位于槽前及气旋的中、前方，这对台站实际业务预报工作有参考价值。     

Thermodynamic Characteristics of Tropical Cyclones with RapidIntensity Change over the Coastal Waters of China

In order to investigate the different thermodynamic mechanisms between rapid intensifying (RI) and rapid weakening (RW) tropical cyclones (TCs),the thermodynamic structures of two sets of composite TCs are analyzed based on the complete-form vertical vorticity tendency equation and the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data.Each composite is composed of five TCs,whose intensities change rapidly over the coastal waters of China.The results show that the maximum apparent heating source Q1 exists in both the upper and lower troposphere near the RI TC center,and Q1 gets stronger at the lower level during the TC intensification period.But for the RW TC,the maximum Q1 exists at the middle level near the TC center,and Q1 gets weaker while the TC weakens.The maximum apparent moisture sink Q2 lies in the mid troposphere.Q2 becomes stronger and its peak-value height rises while TC intensifies,and vice versa.The increase of diabatic heating with height near the TC center in the mid-upper troposphere and the increase of vertical inhomogeneous heating near the TC center in the lower troposphere are both favorable to the TCs' rapid intensification; otherwise,the intensity of the TC decreases rapidly.