气候变化情景下中国自然生态系统脆弱性研究——一个基于生态地理区域的研究(英文)

Assessment of vulnerability for natural ecosystem to climate change is a hot topic in climate change and ecology, and will support adapting and mitigating climate change. In this study, LPJ model modified according to features of China's natural ecosystems was employed to simulate ecosystem dynamics under A2, B2 and A1B scenarios. Vulnerability of natural ecosystem to climate change was assessed according to the vulnerability assessment model. Based on eco-geographical regions, vulnerability of natural ecosystem to climate change was analyzed. Results suggest that vulnerability for China's natural ecosystems would strengthen in the east and weaken in the west, but the pattern of ecosystem vulnerability would not be altered by climate change, which rises from southeast to northeast gradually. Increase in ecosystem vulnerable degree would mainly concentrate in temperate humid/sub-humid region and warm temperate humid/sub-humid region. Decrease in ecosystem vulnerable degree may emerge in northwestern arid region and Qinghai-Tibet Plateau region. In the near-term scale, natural ecosystem in China would be slightly affected by climate change. However, in mid-term and long-term scales, there would be severely adverse effect, particularly in the east with better water and thermal condition.     

自然灾害风险评估与分级方法论探研——以山西省地震灾害风险为例

自然灾害发生的可能损失一直是灾害风险评估上的难题.本研究以自然灾害风险评估经典模型为基础,提出了新的自然灾害风险评估与风险等级划分方法,利用历史灾情和孕灾环境解决风险评价中致灾因子破坏力与灾害发生的可能,并以山西省地震灾害风险为例进行了定量化评估研究.主要改进在于:确定灾害损失率和环境参数以建立地震灾害可能损失计算模型...     

基于生态分区的内蒙古地区植被覆盖变化及其影响因素研究

基于GIMMS数据和MODIS数据反演1982~2011年内蒙古生长季NDVI,分析内蒙古不同生态区内NDVI变化时空特征,探讨自然和人为因素对NDVI的影响。结果表明:30 a来内蒙古生长季平均NDVI整体呈增加趋势,分布在呼伦贝尔、锡林郭勒典型草原的部分地区NDVI有下降趋势。大部分地区NDVI与年降水量呈显著相关,与温度的相关性不显著;近30 a人类活动对植被NDVI的影响程度逐渐增强,其中人类活动在西辽河平原、大兴安岭南端草原区以及华北山地落叶阔叶林区促进植被生长,在内蒙古东北部草原区抑制植被生长。     

纵向岭谷区地表大气水汽含量的气候学计算

基于1976-2005 年30 年的高空气象逐月资料,分析了地表大气水汽含量与实际水汽压之间的统计关系,构建出基于地表水汽压的大气水汽含量气候学计算模型;结合地面气象资料,计算得到纵向岭谷区各站点的地表实际水汽压;采用ANUSPLIN气象要素插值模型,对站点地表水汽压进行空间化处理,实现地表水汽压的栅格化;最后,将地表水汽压格网数据输入构建的气候学模型,基于GIS地理空间分析平台,得到纵向岭谷区地表大气水汽含量的空间格局,实现大气水汽含量的空间化模拟。讨论纵向岭谷区地表水汽压与大气水汽含量的空间分布特征及其主要成因,认为纵向山系对水汽输送的东西向阻隔作用导致了地表水汽压与大气水汽含量的东西差异,南北走向深切河谷是季风水汽输送的重要通道;地形的“通道-阻隔”作用形成了大气水汽含量的特殊空间分布格局。     

基于GIS的中国地震灾害人口风险性分析

中国地震灾害发生频繁,因此进行有关地震灾害风险性分析十分必要。本文在分析地震灾害形成的各主要因子的基础上,结合1900-2009 年地震灾害数据,建立了地震灾害风险评估模型,定量确定了各风险性影响因子。最后利用ArcMap 软件的栅格计算功能,对于地震灾害中最重要的人口因素进行了分析,形成了中国地震灾害人口风险性分布图,并划分出了人口高风险区。     

基于SOFM 的区域界线划分方法

区域分异研究是人们对地理环境认知深度和自然地理研究水平的重要标志之一, 划定分区界线就成为一 项迫切而意义重大的工作, 尤其是在气候复杂、地貌多样的我国西南高原、山地组合区。云南省南部地区由于多季 风系统和大地形作用的影响, 气候复杂多样。雨季, 温暖湿润的西南夏季风给研究区西部带来大量降水, 东部雨量 少; 干季, 整个研究区主要在西风南支急流控制之下, 天气晴朗、少雨, 同时也使得植被种类及盖度差别较大。基于 研究区30 个气象台站的海拔高度、多年平均气温和降水、风速、活动积温、潜在蒸散以及MODIS- EVI 等数据, 利用 神经网络技术构建了非线性分类器, 即自组织特征映射模型( SOFM) , 对所有气象台站进行了聚类研究。结果显示, 哀牢山成为阻挡北来冷空气进入西南山地的屏障, 是我国冬季东北风和夏季西南风的分界线, 因此也成为研究区 东、西两类气候的分界线。SOFM网络应用于地形复杂、地貌多样的生态地理区域分异研究, 基本能反映不同区域之 间界线两侧的相似性和差异性, 能够揭示一个由量变到质量过程的连续性, 不失为一种较好的综合自然地理区划 方法。     

陆地表层综合地域系统划分的探讨--以青藏高原为例

近年来地理学研究的突出特点是,愈益与区域可持续发展这个主题密切联系起来,强调综合性。其中的关键科学问题难点是自然因素与人文因素的结合。本文从综合区域系统划分的指标体系入手,在传统的地域系统划分原则的基础上,强调了自然与社会经济因素在区划中具有同等重要性的原则,并区分了不同空间层级两者的不同作用。等级单位采用五级制, 本研究以青藏高原为例,将其划分为3个生态带,15个地-人区,22个生态经济地区,29个经济小区。研究显示,刻画这样的陆地表层综合地域系统,有助于认识我国陆地表层中的人地关系,为区域可持续发展服务。     

中国中温带东部生态地理区划的土壤指标

Eco-geographic regional system is formed by division or combination of natural features based on geographic relativity and comparison of major ecosystem factors (including biological and non-biological) and geographic zonality. In previous studies, soil types were often taken as a basis for soil regionalization. However, the quantitative characteristics of soil indicators are fitter than the qualitative ones of soil types for modern regionalization researches. Based on the second China’s national soil survey data and the provincial soil resource information, by principal analysis and discriminant analysis, this paper discusses the appropriate soil indicators as the complement of eco-geographic region indicator systems and the relationships between these soil indicators and soil types in regionalization. The results show that five indicators are used in eco-geographic zonality in mid-temperate zone of eastern China which are organic matter content, cation exchange capacity, pH, clay content and bulk density in topsoils. With a regression-kriging approach, the maps of soil indicators in mid-temperate zone of eastern China are compiled with a resolution of 1 km in every grid and the indicative meanings of these soil indicators are discussed. By cluster analysis it is proved that these soil indicators are better than the soil types and soil regionalization in delineating eco-geographic regions. Foundation: National Natural Science Foundation of China, No.40771016 Author: Liu Ye (1980–), Ph.D, specialized in integrated physical geography.     

中国西南纵向岭谷区孢粉空间组合对阻隔作用的指示意义

35 surface soil samples and 28 profile soil samples were collected in Longitudinal Range-Gorge Region, Southwest China. The distribution of pollen and spores and their relationship with the environment are analyzed. The results show that there are significant differences in pollen and spores taxa, amounts, dominant taxa and florae between the eastern and western flanks of the Ailao Mountain. There are more pollen and spores taxa, a greater amount and complexity on the western flank of the mountain than those on the eastern flank, while the dominant taxa are more centralized and prominent on the eastern flank of the Ailao Mountain. As for the plant florae distribution, there are significant differences in the number of taxa and composition between the eastern and the western flanks. The analysis of profile pollen and spores assemblage shows that its trends of variation are basically in accordance with the surface pollen and spores, which are also indicators of the environmental differences between the two flanks of the mountain. These significant spatial differences of pollen and spores are very close to the regional topography and climate difference. The mountain running perpendicular to the moisture-laden air flow serves as a barrier and the monsoon circulations the east and the west of the mountain result in different energy-moisture characteristics. We conclude that the main patterns of the pollen and spores can be attributed to the environmental differences.     

气候变化和水的最新科学认知

政府间气候变化专门委员会（IPCC）于2008年4月8日正式通过了"气候变化和水"技术报告。该报告建立在IPCC 3个工作组第四次评估报告的基础上,客观、全面而审慎地评估了与水有关的气候变化以及对水的过去、现在和未来的认知。最重要的进展是：过去几十年观测到全球变暖已经与大尺度水文循环的大规模变化联系在一起;气候模型对21世纪的模拟结果一致显示出降水在高纬和部分热带地区将增加,而在部分亚热带和中低纬地区将减少的结果;预计到21世纪中期,河流年平均径流和水量可能会因为高纬和部分湿润热带地区的气候变化而增加,而在中低纬和干旱热带将可能减少;许多地方降水强度和变率的增加将使洪旱危险性上升;预计冰雪储藏的水的补给将在本世纪减少;预计较高的水温和极端变化,包括洪旱等,将影响水质并加剧水污染;对全球而言,气候变化对淡水系统负面影响将超过收益;预计由于气候变化导致的水量-水质变化将影响食物的产量、稳定性、流通和利用;气候变化影响现有水的基础设施的功能和运行,包括水电、防洪、排水、灌溉系统,同时影响到水的管理;目前的水管理措施不足以应对气候变化的影响;气候变化挑战"过去水文上的经验能得到未来的情况"的传统说法;为保障平水和干旱情况所设计的适应选择,必须综合需水和供水双方的战略;减缓措施可以降低升温对全球水资源的影响程度,进而减低适应的需求;水资源管理明显地影响到很多其他政策领域。