二维街谷地面加热引起的流场特征的水槽实验研究

利用拖曳式水槽,采用激光粒子成像速度场测量系统(PIV),模拟了街谷存在地面加热时流场特征;讨论了环境风场对其的影响。我们发现在静风条件下,街谷中环流完全由热力驱动,对流活动可伸展至街谷上方;在建筑物层顶以上,也可发现水平和垂直方向的运动。这些对流活动有助于基本风场为零时,街谷内外动量和物质的交换。当街谷较宽时,对流形成的涡旋可能为两个以上,形态较为复杂并随时间变化,当街谷变窄时,涡旋蜕化成只有一个。当有弱环境风场存在时,街谷中的对流呈现为一个主涡旋,随着风速增加,涡旋形状更加规则,其中心并向下风向移动。     

北京城市下垫面边界层湍流统计特征

分析了1998年10月在北京325 m气象塔47 m、120m及280m 3层取得的湍流资料,讨论了湍流宏观统计特征量等随稳定度变化的规律.结果表明,47 m及120 m观测到的感热通量的日变化基本一致,城市边界层中近地层高度可达100m左右,这主要是由于下垫面粗糙度很大所致.同时发现当冷空气来临时,边界层中的感热通量会有明显增大.     

我国西北典型干旱区和高原地区地表辐射能量收支特征的比较

利用“中国西北干旱区陆气相互作用观测试验(NWC-LAIEX)”所获取一年的地面辐射观测资料(2000年5月~2001年4月),比较分析了我国典型干旱区敦煌戈壁、临泽沙漠和藏北高原五道梁地区地表辐射能量的收支特征。结果表明:3个地区各辐射分量季节变化明显,春季一般为跳跃式增加,而秋季则急剧减小,敦煌和临泽地区总辐射月总量几乎全年都小于藏北高原的五道梁地区,冬季最为明显。五道梁和临泽地区的地表反照率有较明显的季节变化和日变化,季节变化是夏季较小,冬季大;而敦煌戈壁地区的反照率不论是季节变化还是日变化,都比较平缓;3个地区相比,临泽沙漠地区的反照率最大,五道梁地区次之,敦煌戈壁地区最小。敦煌戈壁和临泽沙漠地区的地面向上长波辐射和大气逆辐射都比藏北高原的五道梁地区大。地面有效辐射在敦煌戈壁和临泽沙漠地区是夏季大,冬季小;而在藏北高原的五道梁地区则是春秋季大,冬夏季小。地面有效辐射与地面吸收辐射之比敦煌戈壁和临泽沙漠地区量值相近,藏北高原的五道梁地区较小,夏季尤为突出。在夏季,五道梁的地表净辐射要远远大于其他两个地区,冬季3个地区量值相当。与地表净辐射相对应,五道梁地区的地面热源强度在夏季大于敦煌戈壁地区,在冬季相差不大。     

夜间稳定边界层中小尺度地形激发的形式阻力和波动阻力

通过求解含有摩擦耗散的线性化大气动力学方程组,得到了在夜间稳定大气边界层中小尺度地形产生的波动阻力和形式阻力的解析解.结果表明边界层中的稳定度、风速和湍流状态、边界层厚度、上部残余层中的稳定度和风速以及地形高度和坡度,都会影响波动阻力和形式阻力的大小,应在数值模式的参数化方案中给予考虑.分析还表明,当地形坡度减到一定程度时,形式阻力可以忽略不计.     

A comprehensive physical pattern of land-air dynamic and thermal structure on the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau

According to the boundary layer observations of three stations (Garze, Damxung and Qamdu) and relevant earth satellite, radiosonde and surface observations during the intensive observational period (IOP) of the second Tibetan (Qinghai-Xizang) Plateau Experiment of atmospheric science (TIPEX), the land-air physical process and dynamic model on the Tibetan Plateau were comprehensively analyzed in this study. The dynamic characteristics of boundary layer and the rules of turbulent motion on the plateau were illustrated. The characteristics of distributions of wind speed and direction with mutiple-layer structure and deep convective mixed layer on the plateau, the strong buoyancy effect in turbulent motion on the plateau on which the air density is obviously smaller than on the plain, and the Ekman spiral and its dynamic pump effect of the plateau deep boundary layer have been found. The local static distribution of water vapor and the horizontal advection of water vapor in the plateau boundary layer were studied. The abnomal thermodynamic structure on the plateau surface and boundary layer, including the plateau strong radiation phenomenon and strong heating source characteristics of the middle plateau, was also analyzed. The authors synthesized the above dynamic and thermodynamic structures of both surface and boundary layers on the plateau and posed the comprehensive physical model of the turbulence and convective mixture mechanism on the plateau boundary layer. The characteristics of formation, development and movement for convective cloud cluster over the plateau influencing floods in the Yangtze River area of China were studied. The conceptual model of dynamic and thermodynamic structures of turbulent motion and convective plume related to the frequent occurrence of "pop-corn-like" cloud system is given as well.     

基于单纯形优化方法的大气污染物总量控制模型

在总结大气污染物输送扩散模型和大气污染物排放总量模型的基础上 ,建立了基于线性规划单纯形方法的总量模型 ,并对多源正态烟流模型的适用性进行了检验。采用该模型计算了河北省唐山市高新技术开发区大气污染物排放总量 ,结果表明 :在平原地区 ,该模式简捷实用 ,可用于大气环境容量及规划研究。     

内蒙古奈曼流动沙丘下垫面近地面能量收支研究

利用2000年7月18日~8月12日在内蒙古奈曼流动沙丘下垫面取得的大气边界层观测资料,分析了地表能量收支各项的日变化、总体输送系数日变化及其与稳定度的关系;比较了涡旋相关法、波文比-能量平衡法所得到的感热通量。得到奈曼流动沙丘下垫面平均地面阻曳系数Cd为4.69×10-3;感热通量总体输送系数Ch为2.25×10-3。在近中性层结条件下,Cd和Ch分别为4.83×10-3和1.34×10-3。近地面层湍流方差在不稳定层结下均满足Monin-Obukhov相似理论。     

云贵高原洱海湖泊效应的数值模拟

采用耦合湖泊模型的WRF_CLM模式模拟山谷盆地中洱海的湖泊效应,并利用陆面(农田)和湖面的站点观测资料对模式进行了验证和校验。基于数值模式的模拟结果,分析了季风和非季风期间,洱海存在与否对山谷盆地局地环流及大气边界层结构的影响。发现非季风期湖泊对局地环流及大气边界层影响显著。相对于陆地,湖泊白天湍流通量输送少,湍流发展弱,大气边界层高度低。如果湖泊不存在,白天苍山山谷风只能上升至约200 m的高度,没有明显的山谷风环流形成;夜间则山风较强,两侧山风共同作用在山谷,环流高度约600 m。季风期,受降水天气影响,局地环流发展不充分。白天湖面辐散以及夜间湖泊南部的气旋式环流弱,湖泊作用没有非季风期明显。云的形成导致边界层高度较低。夜间,湖泊增强释放潜热、感热作用明显;此时湍流发展,夜间边界层反而比白天高。     

大风条件下城市冠层流场模拟

发展了基于k-ε湍流闭合方法的城市冠层流场模式,建筑群采用多孔介质来表示,对气流的阻力以形式阻力来描述,采用该模式模拟北京市一个小区的流场,并将模拟结果与北京325 m气象塔观测资料进行比较,结果表明:在大风情况下,计算风廓线与观测拟合风廓线比较吻合.该模式可以用于大风条件下城市冠层流场的模拟.     

Relationships between surface albedo,soil thermal parameters and soil moisture in the semi-arid area of Tongyu,northeastern China

Continuous observation data collected over the whole year of 2004 on a cropland surtace m Tongyu, a senti-arid area of northeastern China （44°25＇N, 122°52＇E）, have been used to investigate the variations of surface albedo and soil thermal parameters, including heat capacity, thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity, and their relationships to soil moisture. The diurnal variation of surface albedo appears as a U shape curve on sunny days. Surface albedo decreases with the increase of solar elevation angle, and it tends to be a constant when solar elevation angle is larger than 40°. So the daily average surface albedo was computed using the data when solar elevation angle is larger than 40° Mean daily surface albedo is found to decrease with the increase of soil moisture, showing an exponential dependence on soil moisture. The variations of soil heat capacity are small during Julian days 90 300. Compared with the heat capacity, soil thermal conductivity has very gentle variations during this period, but the soil thermal diffusivity has wide variations during the same period. The soil thermal conductivity is found to increase as a power function of soil moisture. The soil thermal diffusivity increases firstly and then decreases with the increase of soil moisture.