Life's origin: the cosmic, planetary and biological processes

From elements formed in interstellar furnaces to humans peering back at the stars, the evolution of life has been a long, intricate and perhaps inevitable process. Life as we know it requires a planet orbiting a star at just the right distance so that water can exist in liquid form. It needs a rich supply of chemicals and energy sources. On Earth, the combination of chemistry and energy generated molecules that evolved ways of replicating themselves and of passing information from one generation to the next. Thus, the thread of life began. This chart traces the thread, maintained by DNA molecules for much of its history, as it weaves its way through the primitive oceans, gaining strength and diversity along the way. Organisms eventually moved onto the land, where advanced forms, including humans, ultimately arose. Finally, assisted by a technology of its own making, life has reached back out into space to understand its own origins, to expand into new realms, and to seek other living threads in the cosmos.     

Distribution, use pattern and prospects for conservation of medicinal shrubs in Uttaranchal State, India

The present paper gives an insight into the distribution and use pattern of medicinal shrubs in Uttaranchal State. A total of 222 medicinal and aromatic shrub species have been appended based on secondary information. Euphorbiaceae, Rosaceae, Verbenaceae, and Fabaceae have the highest repre- sentatives of medicinal shrubs. Twenty one families had one species each in medicinal use. Verbenaceae and Euphorbiaceae in the sub-tropical region, Rosaceae in the temperate region, and Ericaceae and Rosaceae in the sub-alpine and alpine regions, respectively, had the highest representatives of medicinal shrubs. The distribution of medicinal shrubs was 42 % in sub-tropical, 29 % in warm temperate, 13 % in cool temperate, 9 % in sub-alpine and 7 % in the alpine region. Of the total species, 70 medicinal shrubs were native to the Himalayas and 22 native to Himalayan region including other Hima- layan countries. The most frequently used plant parts for various ailments were leaves (31 %) and roots (23 %). Most shrubs are being used for the diseases, viz. skin diseases, dysentery, cough, fever, wounds, and rheumatism. The present paper will help in the execution of strategies for promotion and cultivation of medicinal shrubs in Uttaranchal State.     

雅鲁藏布江缝合带的双陆内俯冲构造与部分熔融层特征──INDEPTH项目结果的初步综合

根据中、美两国合作开展的西藏深反射地震结果,提出雅鲁藏布江缝合带（YZS）的"双陆内俯冲"构造模式和缝合带南、北分别存在着不同特征的、规模不一的部分熔融层;提出YZS处断裂向深部延深有限,认为YZS处地壳增厚有4种机制：①地壳规模的大的俯冲增厚;②上部地壳内的俯冲和背冲增厚;③下地壳内的底部垫托增厚和挤压增厚;④深部熔融体的向上挤入而引起的地壳增厚.提出可能存在两条大的伸展性断裂,造成江孜南、北地块间出现了大升降.     

回顾30年来的油气地球化学勘探

在美国采用地球化学方法勘探油气已有30年了,已经取得了大量的成果。壤中吸附烃抽提技术以及其测量分析都已得到了发展提高。实验表明,在首次测量后数年重新采样,异常可以重现;另一方面,随着油田的开采,烃异常逐渐变弱,最后趋于消失。尽管与大型油气藏相联系的晕圈(halo)这种基本异常模式继续被发现,亦已认识到其他类型的烃分布模式。烃测量技术有助于评价穹隆构造翼部的含油性,在获得适当的资料后,可以在构造顶部布钻。如例案所述,烃测量后指出在刺穿型穹隆构造的翼部有一油气藏分布。     

环太平洋带构造地层地体

引言近年来,北美克迪勒拉是通过分离的构造地层地体增生而形成的这一认识已经得到可资利用的新的地质、地球物理和古生物资料的支持(Jones等,1981;Jonts等,1983;Coney等,1980;Davis等,1978;Balke等,1983)。同样的增生过程似乎也影响了环太平洋边缘的大部分地区。为了探讨这一假说,我们已经编制了初步的环太平洋地体图。本文的目的是回顾Coney等(1980)和Jones等(1983)所提出的地体分析     

北美1987年的化探工作及学术交流情况回顾

1987年的找矿勘探仍侧重在贵金属,特别是金。加拿大继续开展铂族矿产的勘探工作。化探技术是上述这些矿产勘探与评价的基本方法。 采样及元素分布模式是普查勘探设计与解释的关键。近来,关于采集适宜的代表性样品问题正愈来愈多地引起人们的关注。在野外工作中,采样、样品加工与化学分析是影响贵金属勘探与开发的重要环节。     

地质样品中贵金属的等离子体原子荧光光谱分析

本文评述了等离子体原于荧光光谱(ICP-AFS)技术,它是作为测定地质样品中金、铂、钯的一种方法。金、铂、钯的检出限分别是1,12和0.5ng/ml。校正曲线在五个数量级内是线性的,可以不用稀释而只用一条分析曲线测定ppb级和ppm级的含量。本文研究了基体效应和光谱干扰,公认的参考物质分析表明准确度高,四个月的室内参考物质分析表明长期精密度为±5％。     

热带大草原和半干旱气候条件下红壤中金的地球化学和形态

文章以西非、西澳三个不同气候和地貌环境的红土型金矿床为例,阐述了微粒金在红土风化壳中的分布、组成、形态及其在红土化过程中的变化情况。     

反演的可靠性

虽然最小平方反演是数据分析常用的工具,而非单性问题是不可避免的问题;不过,这个问题通过考查模型响应对参数估算的灵度敏可以进行分析,这种灵敏度分方法还可产生只满足某些分解(或稳定度)准则的极值解。产生这种解的两种非常相似的的方法为“边界弯曲(Edgehog)”法和“最大平方法”,这两种方法是Jackson(1973、1976)提出来的。最小平方反演测定“非单值性度”的这些方法只需要奇异值分解(SVD)解中计算的数据。“边界弯曲”和“最大平方”方法在数学上是相似的,“最大平方”估算在计算上比较简单。这两方法都说明,一种反演的可靠性取决于特殊的误差准则以及与最小平方解有关的雅科毕(Jacobian)矩阵的特征等两个方面。两种相似方法的相似性由合成和实际垂直地震剖面(VSP)的旅行时间反演得到了证明。反演问题的灵敏度分析还提供了解的可靠性的定量测量值。