热带气旋强度资料的差异性分析

通过对比西北太平洋3个主要预报中心(中国气象局(CMA)、日本东京台风中心(RSMC Tokyo)和美国联合台风警报中心(JTWC))的16 a数据,分析了不同来源的热带气旋(TC)强度资料的差异性。结果表明:CMA与RSMCTokyo和JTWC的TC强度均值分别相差0.6和1.7 m/s,均通过1%信度的统计检验,即存在显著差异;3个中心对同一TC确定的强度最大差异超过30 m/s;CMA资料的台风数多于RSMC Tokyo和JTWC,年台风频数的均方差也最大,但是3个中心资料的各级TC频数差异均无统计显著性。对比有、无飞机探测时段的资料发现,对TC进行飞机探测可在一定程度上减小各中心在确定TC强度方面的分歧。为了初步了解上述资料问题对TC强度预报的可能影响,采用一个气候持续性预报方法,取不同来源的TC强度资料进行了4 a(2000—2003年)的预报。发现据JTWC资料所得TC强度预报有最大的均方根误差,RSMCTokyo的最小,CMA居中;据CMA和RSMC Tokyo(CMA和JTWC)资料,对相同TC相同时次24 h预报的平均绝对偏差达2.5(4.0)m/s,最大可相差16(21)m/s。可见,西北太平洋TC强度的基本资料问题增加了预报的难度。     

2010年西北太平洋台风预报精度评定及分析

按照《台风业务和服务规定》的相关要求,本文对2010年中央气象台编号的14个台风（即1001～1014号西北太平洋热带气旋,以下统称为台风）的业务定位和业务预报精度进行了评定。评定结果表明：国内各家综合预报24h,48h和72h平均距离误差分别为110.0 km（1392次）、210.6 km（945次）和322.4 km（364次）,比2009年相应预报时效有一定减小。国内外各家数值模式同样本比较显示：欧洲中心数值模式（ECMWF）在不同时效路径预报中均表现最好,日本数值模式（JAPN）表现其次。相对于国内各家数值模式,上述两家国外模式的路径预报表现出一定优势。进一步分析发现我国各数值模式与ECMWF模式更大的路径预报水平差距是由于台风移动方向预报差距,而台风移动速度预报相对较好;而日本数值与ECMWF模式的差距更主要的体现在移动速度方面。我国各家模式与ECMWF数值模式初始时效（12 h和24 h）的预报差距比后续预报时效（36 h和48 h）大。随着预报时效延长,国内数值模式与ECMWF模式的预报差距逐步减小。     

涡旋自组织现象在上海一次暴雨预报中的应用

根据涡旋自组织理论的研究成果,通过对天气背景以及卫星、雷达等资料的分析发现,在2008年8月25日早晨上海地区发生的一场雨强为百年未遇的强雷电和大暴雨天气过程中,确实存在着涡旋自组织现象。地面中低压的发展与中小尺度涡旋的组织、合并关系密切,而中低压的发展导致了剧烈而集中的降水发生,进而造成了上海地区的这场特大暴雨。此外,详细阐述了在业务预报中预报员如何应用涡旋自组织理论的相关成果来改进和提高暴雨预报的时效和准确度,显示该理论在业务应用中具有广阔前景。     

2009年西北太平洋热带气旋活动的若干特点分析

2009年西北太平洋及南海海域共生成23个风暴以上等级的热带气旋(TC),比常年偏少,但登陆我国的频数(10个)多于常年,台风以上等级TC的活动强于常年.TC源地较常年偏西,并且季节性纬向迁移特征明显,而经向位移并无显著异常,在南海海域生成的TC比例(26.1%)远高于气候均值;路径以西行和西北行为主.登陆华南TC较多...     

基于卫星资料进行热带气旋强度客观估算

利用日本MTSAT (multi-functional transport satellite) 红外亮温资料,提取热带气旋云团中云顶较高、对流较旺盛的深对流信息,根据提取的对流核数量、对流核距热带气旋中心距离、对流核亮温极值等信息表征热带气旋强弱,初步建立了热带气旋强度估测模型;并根据该估算模型的误差分布对强度 (用最大风速表示) 大于40 m·s-1和小于18 m·s-1的样本结果进行了线性修正,修正后的结果与中国气象局《热带气旋年鉴》热带气旋最佳路径资料比较得到非独立样本和独立样本的强度平均绝对误差分别为5.5 m·s-1和5.9 m·s-1, 均方根误差分别为6.9 m·s-1和7.7 m·s-1;对于热带低压、强台风及以上的估计平均绝对误差分别降至4.9,4.7 m·s-1,准确度较好。试验表明:利用热带气旋云团中的对流核数量、分布、冷暖与其强度建立的统计关系模型是可行的,该算法的估算精度与Dvorak方法、AMSU (advanced microwave sounding unit) 定强算法相当。     

CHARACTERISTICS ANALYSIS OF THE INDUCED OVERCURRENT GENERATED BY CLOSE TRIGGERED LIGHTNING ON THE OVERHEAD TRANSMISSION POWER

Techniques of artificially-triggered lightning have provided a significantly useful means to directly measure various physical parameters of lightning discharge and to conduct research on protection methods of lightning electromagnetic pulses. In this study, using capacitive and resistive dividers, current probes and optical fiber transmission devices, we measured and analyzed the induced overvoltage on the overhead transmission line and the overcurrent through Surge Protective Devices (SPD) when a lightning discharge was artificially triggered nearby on August 12, 2008 at Conghua Field Lightning Experiment Site. The triggered lightning discharge contained an initial current stage and eight return strokes whose peak currents ranged from 6.6kA to 26.4kA. We found that overcurrents through SPD were induced on the power line both during the initial continuous current stage and the return stroke processes. During the return strokes, the residual voltage and the current through the SPD lasted up to the ms (millisecond) range, and the overcurrents exhibited a mean waveform up to 22/69μs with a peak value of less than 2kA. Based on the observed data, simple calculations show that the corresponding single discharge energy was much greater than the values of the high voltage pulse generators commonly used in the experiments regulated for SPD. The SPD discharge current peak was not synchronous to that of the residual voltage with the former obviously lagging behind the latter. The SPD discharge current peak was well correlated with the triggered lightning current peak and the wave-front current gradient. The long duration of the SPD current is one of the major reasons why the SPD was damaged even with a big nominal discharge current.     

老挝南部波罗芬高原铝土矿地质特征及成矿模式

波罗芬高原又名"富琅山区",位于老挝南部占巴塞、阿速坡、沙拉湾三省境内,西北一东南长100 km,东北-西南宽60 km,呈椭圆形耸立于海拔200～300 m的缓丘之上.高原顶部起伏和缓,地表产出大面积第四纪玄武岩,经风化作用后地表形成大面积的红土风化壳,部分地段铝铁富集形成红土型铝土矿.     

Evaluation of Tropical Cyclone Intensity Forecasts from Five Global EnsemblePrediction Systems During 2015-2019

This study presented an evaluation of tropical cyclone (TC) intensity forecasts from five global ensemble prediction systems (EPSs) during 2015-2019 in the western North Pacific region. Notable error features include the underestimation of the TC intensity by ensemble mean forecast and the under-dispersion of the probability forecasts.The root mean square errors (brier scores) of the ensemble mean (probability forecasts) generally decrease consecutively at long lead times during the five years, but fluctuate between certain values at short lead times.Positive forecast skill appeared in the most recent two years (2018-2019) at 120 h or later as compared with the climatology forecasts. However, there is no obvious improvement for the intensity change forecasts during the 5-yearperiod, with abrupt intensity change remaining a big challenge. The probability forecasts show no skill for strongTCs at all the lead times. Among the five EPSs, ECMWF-EPS ranks the best for the intensity forecast, while NCEP-GEFS ranks the best for the intensity change forecast, according to the evaluation for ensemble mean and dispersion. As for the other probability forecast evaluation, ECMWF-EPS ranks the best at lead times shorter than 72 h, while NCEP-GEFS ranks the best later on.     

SATELLITE-BASED ANALYSIS ON THE CONCENTRIC EYEWALL REPLACEMENT CYCLES OF SUPER TYPHOON MUIFA (1109)

Multisatellite data is used to analyze the characteristics of three eyewall replacement cycles (ERCs) during the lifetime of Typhoon Muifa (1109). Spiral rainbands evolutions, concentric eyewall (CE) structure modes, CE durations, and intensity changes are discussed in detail. In addition, an ERC evolution model of Typhoon Muifa is given. There are four main findings. (1) The outer spiral rainband joins end to end to form the outer eyewall after it disconnects from the original (inner) eyewall. The inner eyewall weakens as the outer eyewall becomes axisymmetric and is intensified. The contraction of the outer eyewall causes the inner eyewall to dissipate rapidly. Finally, the ERC ends with an annular eyewall or spiral rainbands. (2) Although the CE duration times of Typhoon Muifa’s three ERCs covered a large range, the CE structures were all maintained for approximately 5 h from the formation of the axisymmetric outer eyewall to the end of the cycle. (3) There is no obvious precipitation reflectivity in the eye or moat region for the subsidence flow. The convection within the two eyewalls is organized as a radially outward slope with increasing height. (4) Typhoon intensity estimation results based on ADT may not explain the intensity variations associated with ERC correctly, while the typhoon’s warm core data retrieved from AMSU-A works well.     

台风路径多模式集成预报技术研究

利用NCEP、ECMWF、日本数值、英国数值、上海台风模式和广州模式包含全球模式和区域在内的6家数值模式资料,利用近似SEAV方法,设计台风路径多模式集成预报方法(SHME),并用2014—2016年的台风客观预报数据进行多模式集成预报的效果检验,且与ECMWF模式进行比较,通过比较发现,SHME方法较ECMWF在12～48 h预报上有明显改进,在72～120 h预报2014年尤其突出,2015—2016年均与ECMWF预报效果相当。