地形上空边界层流中低层锋面结构的理论研究II:暖锋、均匀地转流

利用一个有地形、边界层摩擦作用、简化的二层浅水锋面模型,在理论上研究了地形上空边界层流动中地面暖锋的结构及环流分布特征问题.暖锋的坡度主要取决于其暖域地转流、锋面移速,它随锋面移速增大而减小,这与冷锋特征相反.地形对暖锋坡度的影响作用较小.与无地形作用时相比,静止性暖锋冷域中,位于锋面界面附近的闭合正环流系,当暖锋位于地形上游,其伸展范围增大;当暖锋位于迎风坡时,其伸展范围缩小,中心位置上抬;锋面移至背风坡时,其伸展范围重新增大.对于冷域中远离地面暖锋的另一支正环流系来说,当暖锋位于地形上游或迎风坡时,它可被地形完全阻塞于背风侧,地形高度越高,地形阻塞作用越大.在暖锋锋区附近主要存在三支垂直上升运动带:(a)由于边界层摩擦辐合作用,导致在地面暖锋后缘暖区中形成一支水平尺度较小、强度较大的垂直运动带,它随着暖锋移速增大而减弱.该垂直运动带,当暖锋位于地形迎风侧,强度增加;暖锋位于地形背风侧,其强度减弱.(b)在锋区暖域沿锋面存在均匀的上升运动,(c)在冷域远离地面暖锋处,存在一支水平范围较宽,其中心位于边界层顶部附近的垂直运动带,当暖锋位于迎风坡时,这支垂直运动带可被地形阻塞于地形背风侧.     

The Wind Structure in Planetary Boundary Layer

The investigations on the dynamies of the PBL have been developed in recent years. Some authors emphasized macro-dynamics and others emphasized micro-structure of the PBL. In this paper, we study and review some main characteristics of the wind field in the PBL from the view point connecting the macro-dynamics and micro-stucture of the PBL, thus providing the physical basis for the further research of the dynamics and the parameterization of the PBL.     

β-GMA与边界层动力学特征

本文研究了β平面中的地转动量近似(β-GMA)及其成立条件.利用β-GMA得到了一个描述Ekman动力学特征的动力学方程组.研究了β项和地转动量(GM)对Ekman层动力学的共同作用.结果表明,β-GMA下的解由两部分组成,一部分即为f-GMA下的解,另一部分为β项与GM的相互作用解.这样,一方面,β-GMA解由于β项存在,对一个定常纬向对称的高度场具有纬向非对称结构,而f-GMA解是纬向对称的.利用一个定常、轴对称的圆形涡旋例子计算了Ekman层的水平风速和边界层顶部的垂直速度,并与经典解、f-GMA解     

EFFECTS OF OROGRAPHY AND AIR FLOW IN EKMAN BOUNDARY LAYER

It is convenient to use σ-coordinates to discuss the dynamic effect of orography and the flow inEkman boundary layer.In this paper,the theory of mixing length is generalized to the σ-coordinate system.Then the governing equations,describing the motion in the boundary layer over the mountain regions arederived.The features of flow in the boundary layer,especially the effects of Ekman pumping,are discussed indetails.It is pointed out that there are three factors affecting the vertical motion at the top of the boun-dary layer:(1)vorticity distribution in the boundary layer,which is directly related to the divergence andconvergence of air flow caused by friction,(2)the upslope or downslope motion of flow over the mountainslopes,and(3)the mutual effect of orography and friction induced by the ageostrophic component climbing up-ward or downward in the boundary layer over mountain regions.     

山地上空的Ekman抽吸

在本文中,利用文献的理论结果,设计了一个椭圆形的大小地形,研究西风急流通过这些地形时,边界层顶部垂直速度的分布特征。     

气流过山运动的非线性浅水理论

用一个两层密度不同的流体所组成的非线性浅水模型讨论了过山气流的变化特征。结果表明：在背风坡下游,如果弗罗德数Ｆｒ大于１,则在不同的条件下将会出现波状的、水跃的以及“破裂”的气流,如果Ｆｒ小于１,将只会出现“破裂”气流;在山地上空,地形波关于地形分布是非对称的。     

The effect of surface friction on the development of tropical cyclones

When tropical cyclones (hereafter referred as TCs) are over the ocean, surface friction plays a dual role in the development of TCs. From the viewpoint of water vapor supply, frictional convergence and Ekman pumping provide a source of moisture for organized cumulus convection and is propitious to the spin-up of TCs. On the other hand, surface friction leads to a dissipation of kinetic energy that impedes the intensification of TCs. Which role is dominant in the developing stage of TCs is a controversial issue. In the present work, the influence of surface friction on the growth of TCs is re-examined in detail by conducting two sets of numerical experiments initialized with different cyclonic disturbances. Results indicate that, because of the inherent complexities of TCs, the impact of surface friction on the evolution of TCs can not be simply boiled down to being positive or negative. In the case that a TC starts from a low-level vortex with a warm core, surface friction and the resultant vertical motion makes an important contribution to the convection in the early developing stage of the TC by accelerating the build-up of convective available potential energy (CAPE) and ensuring moisture supply and the lifting of air parcels. This effect is so prominent that it dominates the friction-induced dissipation and makes surface friction a facilitative factor in the spin-up of the TC. However, for a TC formed from a mesoscale convective vortex (MCV) spawned in a long-lasting mesoscale convective system (MCS), the initial fields, and especially the low-level humidity and cold core, enable the prerequisites of convection (i.e., conditional instability, moisture, and lifting), to be easily achieved even without the help of boundary-layer pumping induced by surface friction. Accordingly, the reliance of the development of TCs on surface friction is not as heavy as that derived from a low-level vortex. The positive effect of surface friction on the development of TCs realized through facilitating favorable conditions for convection is nearly cancelled out by the friction-induced dissipation. However, as SST is enhanced in the latter case, the situation may be changed, and different development speeds may emerge between model TCs with and without surface friction considered. In short, owing to the fact that TC development is a complicated process affected by many factors such as initial perturbations, SST, etc., the importance of surface friction to the intensification of TCs may vary enormously from case to case.     

垂直-倾斜对流一体化参数化方案的实现及数值试验

在Kuo-Anthes垂直对流参数化方案和Nordeng倾斜对流参数化方案基础上,提出了垂直-倾斜对流一体化参数化方案,并引入MM5模式中.利用该方案对2008年1月28-29日发生在中国南方的一次暴雪过程和2005年"海棠"台风过程进行了数值模拟,模拟结果表明,此次暴雪过程在垂直方向主要表现对流稳定状态,但在对流层低层始终存在条件件对称不稳定层,并且当条件性对称不稳定区向高层发展时,伴随着强上升运动作为触发机制,引发条件性对称不稳定能量的释放,产生更多的对流降水,使模拟的总降水量与实况更加一致.条件性对称不稳定的发展加强与降雪强度、辐合辐散和上升运动变化一致,条件性对称不稳定是造成暴雪发展加强的主要机制之一.通过对"海棠"台风72 h的模拟表明,条件性对称不稳定主要发生在台风的低层,且其水平分布呈螺旋状结构.条件性对称不稳定效应对台风路径影响较小,但对台风强度影响较大,在模式中考虑垂直-倾斜对流一体化参数化方案后,与仅考虑垂直积云对流参数化方案相比,72 h模拟的平均台风中心最低气压降低了3 hPa,最大达8 hPa.在模式中考虑条件性对称不稳定的影响,可使模式台风中上层的暖心结构更加明显,上升运动和对流性降水增强,对流释放的更多凝结潜热使台风得到进一步加强.     

对称不稳定对梅雨锋暴雨影响的数值模拟

在Kuo-Anthes垂直对流参数化方案和Nordeng倾斜对流参数化方案基础上,提出了垂直-倾斜对流一体化参数化方案,在引入MM5模式后,对1999年6月发生在长江流域的一次大尺度带状强降水过程进行了数值模拟及敏感性试验。结果表明:在模式中引入倾斜对流参数化方案,可有效改进模式模拟的降水强度和位置,加快形成锋面附近的垂直环流并使之得到增强,模拟结果更接近实况。同时也表明,在模拟和预报具有对称不稳定的天气系统时,在模式中考虑倾斜对流参数化方案是必要的。     

大地形与扰动的不稳定

本文分两部分。第一部分,讨论地形对于正压扰动稳定性的影响,指出造成不稳定的必要条件是:(d~2u/dy~2)-β-fA(dh/dy)=0,其中u是基流,h是地形高度。此外,尚讨论了振幅随时间的增长率,不稳定扰动移速等问题。第二部分,讨论了地形对于斜压扰动的稳定性的影响,指出在斜压大气中,地形的作用较正压大气显得更加重要。