我国高空风速的气候学特征

利用全国119个探空站1980~2006年13个等压面和地面附近的月平均风速资料,分析了不同高度年、季节平均风速的气候学特征。结果表明,全国平均200hPa以下风速随高度增加而增加,200hPa~30hPa之间风速随高度增加而降低,30hPa以上风速随高度增加而再呈增加趋势;春、秋季平均风速随高度变化与年平均相似,但冬、夏季的垂直分布差异明显;700hPa及其以上最大风速出现在1月,最小风速在7月或8月;850hPa和地面最大风速发生在4月;对流层风速年较差从下向上增加,在200hPa附近风速年较差最大。我国地面风速在东、西部地区较大,中部地区较小;500hPa年平均风速分布呈西低东高态势,最大中心出现在辽东半岛东部;200hPa年平均风速在江淮地区出现高值中心;500hPa冬季最大风速区在大陆南部,夏季北移并向西扩展;200hPa各季强风速区基本呈东西走向的带状分布,其中春季在江淮地区,夏季移至西北,秋季位于黄淮地区,冬季位置最南。     

气候变化国家评估报告(Ⅰ):中国气候变化的历史和未来趋势

The climate change in China shows a considerable similarity to the global change, though there still exist some significant differences between them. In the context of the global warming, the annual mean surface air temperature in the country as a whole has significantly increased for the past 50 years and 100 years, with the range of temperature increase slightly greater than that in the globe. The change in precipitation trends for the last 50 and 100 years was not significant, but since 1956 it has assumed a weak increasing trend. The frequency and intensity of main extreme weather and climate events have also undergone a significant change. The researches show that the atmospheric CO2 concentration in China has continuously increased and the sum of positive radiative forcings produced by greenhouse gases is probably responsible for the country-wide climate warming for the past 100 years, especially for the past 50 years. The projections of climate change for the 21st century using global and regional climate models indicate that, in the future 20-100 years, the surface air temperature will continue to increase and the annual precipitation also has an increasing trend for most parts of the country.     

中国气候变化的检测及预估

对近5a来中国科学家在气候变化的检测及预估等方面的研究工作及主要成果进行了总结:采用最新的器测时期资料和代用温度资料对中国地区近50a、100a的温度和降水变化规律进行再分析,初步重建了中国过去1000a的地表温度序列;对20世纪中国气候变化进行了检测,分析了中国气候变化的原因;预估了中国21世纪气候变化。结果表明:近百年中国气候变化的主要特征与全球气候变化的趋势一致。中国近百年增暖的幅度为0.5～0.8℃,比全球同期增温略高。近50a中国平均气温升高以北方为主,升温速率达0.8℃/10a,远大于北半球平均的升温速率。中国雨型的年代际变化明显,西北西部从20世纪80年代中降水明显增多,以新疆最为显著。中国东部则由70年代末以前的北涝南旱型转为以后的南涝北旱型。气候变暖后,中国的极端天气和气候事件的发生频率和强度也出现了变化。