灾害预警平台多源信息多层次精细化编码系统研究

由于我国各类灾害频繁发生, 防灾减灾迫切需要建立一个覆盖全国、 畅通有效的灾害预警信息综合发布平台。通过分析对比国内外有关灾害预警信息编码, 设计适合我国国情, 并与国际通用警报协议接轨的灾害预警平台多源信息多层次精细化编码系统, 有效地解决预警信息的地理编码、 信息编码和共享规范问题, 为我国建立覆盖全国、 畅通有效的灾害预警信息综合发布平台提供技术支撑。     

Investigation of Arctic air temperature extremes at north of 60°N in winter

Air temperature is a key index reflecting climate change. Air temperature extremes are very important because they strongly influence the natural environment and societal activities. The Arctic air temperature extremes north of 60°N are investigated in the winter. Daily data from 238 stations at north of 60°N from the global summary of the day for the period 1979–2015 are used to study the trends of cold days, cold nights, warm days and warm nights during the wintertime. The results show a decreasing trend of cold days and nights(rate of –0.2 to –0.3 d/a) and an increasing trend of warm days and nights(rate of +0.2 to +0.3 d/a) in the Arctic. The mean temperature increases,which contributes to the increasing(decreasing) occurrence of warm(cold) days and nights. On the other hand,the variance at most stations decreased, leading to a reduced number of cold events. A positive AO(Arctic Oscillation) index leads to an increased(decreased) number of warm(cold) days and nights over northern Europe and western Russia and an increased(decreased) number of cold(warm) days and nights over the Bering Strait and Greenland. The lower extent of Arctic autumn sea ice leads to a decreased number of cold days and nights.The occurrences of abrupt changes are detected using the Mann-Kendall method for cold nights occurring in Canada in 1998 and for warm nights occurring in northwestern Eurasia in 1988. This abrupt change mainly resulted from the mean warming induced by south winds and an increased North Atlantic sea surface temperature.     

欧亚大陆冬季温度对北极海冰减少的敏感性及非线性响应研究

The recent decline in the Arctic sea ice has coincided with more cold winters in Eurasia.It has been hypothesized that the Arctic sea ice loss is causing more mid-latitude cold extremes and cold winters,yet there is lack of consensus in modeling studies on the impact of Arctic sea ice loss.Here we conducted modeling experiments with Community Atmosphere Model Version 5(CAM5) to investigate the sensitivity and linearity of Eurasian winter temperature response to the Atlantic sector and Pacific sector of the Arctic sea ice loss.Our experiments indicate that the Arctic sea ice reduction can significantly affect the atmospheric circulation by strengthening the Siberian High,exciting the stationary Rossby wave train,and weakening the polar jet stream,which in turn induce the cooling in Eurasia.The temperature decreases by more than 1°C in response to the ice loss in the Atlantic sector and the cooling is less and more shifts southward in response to the ice loss in the Pacific sector.More interestingly,sea ice loss in the Atlantic and Pacific sectors together barely induces cold temperatures in Eurasia,suggesting the nonlinearity of the atmospheric response to the Arctic sea ice loss.     

6种科(Teraponidae)经济鱼类的染色体组型研究

采用胸腔注射植物血球凝集素(phytohemagglutinin, PHA)及秋水仙素溶液, 取活体头肾组织低渗、固定和空气干燥, 分析比较了(Terapon theraps)、细鳞(Terapon jarbua,/i>)、尖吻 (Rhynchopelates oxyrhynchus)、叉牙 (Helotes sexlineatus)、列牙 (Pelates quadrilineatus)和高体革 (Scortum barcoo)的核型。结果表明, 6种鱼中期染色体均为二倍体, 除尖吻外均未发现异型性染色体、随体和次缢痕。其核型如下: 的核型为2n=48=48t, 臂数: NF=48; 细鳞的核型为2n=48=48t, NF=48; 叉牙2n=48=48t, NF=48; 列牙的核型为2n=48=48t, NF=48; 高体革2n=48=2m+2sm+44t, NF=52; 尖吻 2n=48=4m+2st+42t, NF=52。科这6种鱼染色体均属于典型的高位类群。同时, 将科6种鱼与前人已完成的科其它鱼类的核型进行比较, 发现尖吻的核型出现异型性染色体, 并对尖吻出现罕见的异型性染色体进行分析讨论。除高体革外, 其余5种核型为国内首次报道。     

新型防污剂辣素衍生物的合成、抑菌性及防污性能研究

合成了3种新型含辣素衍生结构的丙烯酰胺衍生物HMOBA、BMA和HMMBA,通过红外光谱(IR)和核磁波谱(1 HNMR)对其结构进行了表征。抑菌性实验证明了合成的化合物对金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠杆菌均有良好的抑制作用,抑菌效果为BMA>HMOBA>HMMBA,其中BMA的对两种菌的最小抑菌浓度均可达0.062 5mg/mL。以合成的化合物为防污剂制备了海洋防污涂料,186d的实海挂板几乎没有附着任何海洋污损生物。     

西北太平洋不同区域海平面变化特征分析

重点研究西北太平洋长期验潮站海平面变化的季节、年际和年代际变化特征。所选站点多年平均变化速率为1.71mm/a。结果表明,近岸区、大洋沿岸区、大洋区主要周期均为12个月;近岸区、大洋沿岸区、大洋区部分低纬度站点存在6个月周期;所有站点都存在明显的年际和年代际周期信号;中高纬度地区年代际信号强于年际信号,热带地区年际信号强于年代际信号;近岸区、大洋沿岸区、大洋区站点年际和年代际变化具有明显的地域性;热带地区受ENSO影响强于中高纬度地区,热带大洋区受ENSO影响强于大洋沿岸区,热带大洋沿岸区受ENSO影响强于近岸区;受PDO影响较明显的站点位于25°N～40°N的中纬度地区。1993—2010年间,近岸区、大洋沿岸区、大洋区验潮站、大洋区T/P的主要周期均为12个月,但变化速率和季节变化振幅各不同,大洋区验潮站滞后其他区近1个月达到极值。     

Low-frequency coupled atmosphere-ocean variability in the southern Indian Ocean

The low-frequency atmosphere-ocean coupled variability of the southern Indian Ocean(SIO) was investigated using observation data over 1958-2010.These data were obtained from ECMWF for sea level pressure(SLP) and wind,from NCEP/NCAR for heat fluxes,and from the Hadley Center for SST.To obtain the coupled air-sea variability,we performed SVD analyses on SST and SLP.The primary coupled mode represents 43% of the total square covariance and is featured by weak westerly winds along 45-30 S.This weakened subtropical anticyclone forces fluctuations in a well-known subtropical dipole structure in the SST via wind-induced processes.The SST changes in response to atmosphere forcing and is predictable with a lead-time of 1-2 months.Atmosphere-ocean coupling of this mode is strongest during the austral summer.Its principle component is characterized by mixed interannual and interdecadal fluctuations.There is a strong relationship between the first mode and Antarctic Oscillation(AAO).The AAO can influence the coupled processes in the SIO by modulating the subtropical high.The second mode,accounting for 30% of the total square covariance,represents a 25-year period interdecadal oscillation in the strength of the subtropical anticyclone that is accompanied by fluctuations of a monopole structure in the SST along the 35-25 S band.It is caused by subsidence of the atmosphere.The present study also shows that physical processes of both local thermodynamic and ocean circulation in the SIO have a crucial role in the formation of the atmosphere-ocean covariability.     

薄盘光滑样条插值中三种协变量方法的降水量插值精度比较

在薄盘光滑样条插值中,高相关协变量的选取决定了插值结果的精确性。以2001-2009年全国728个气象站点日降水为数据源,提取年降水量数据,在分析多年平均降水量与两协变量高程（DEM）和距海岸线距离（DCL）的空间相关性基础上,利用ANUSPLIN软件,比较不同协变量下降水量插值结果精度在全国尺度以及区域尺度上的差异。以DEM、DCL及DEM-DCL分别为协变量对降水量数据进行空间插值发现：①在全国尺度上,DEM法的平均绝对误差（MAE）为47.79,略低于DEM-DCL法（48.90）,但显著低于DCL法（55.54）;且DEM法的平均相对误差和均方根误差也明显低于其它两种方法。②在区域尺度上,除西藏地区外的其他7个区域,3种方法的插值误差与全国尺度上相一致。西藏地区降水插值结果以DCL法的精度最高,而DEM法则较差。研究建议除在西藏地区的降水量插值研究中采用DCL法,在全国其他大部分区域采用DEM法。     

内蒙古化德县建国地区主要地质单元地球化学特征

在内蒙古化德县建国地区尖山组、比鲁特组是形成金等金属矿产的重要地质体,花岗岩体也为金等金属矿产的形成提供了有利条件。铂钯在尖山组黑色板岩中有明显的富集趋势,并且铂钯与金富集成矿作用有关。Au、Pb、Ni等元素综合异常及其成矿预测区,为本区提供了重要的普查找矿信息。