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1.IntroductionMeasurementofCOprofilesinthetroposphereisofprimaryimportanceforimprovingourunderstandingoftheglobalsystem.ThisopinionhasbeenputforwardinthereportoftheWorldMeteorologicalOrganization(1985);"DefinitionoftrendsanddistributionfortroposphericCOisessential."(WorldMeteorologicalOrganization,1985).ThisisbecauseCarbonmonoxide(CO)playsaveryimportantroleinthechemistryofthetroposphereandlowerstratospherethroughitsinfluenceoverhydroxylradical(OH)andozoneconcentration.Becauseofitsshorta… 相似文献
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Monte-Carlo method is applied to simulate the intensities and degrees of polarization in twilight sky after the eruption of the El Chichon volcano and during the 1977 volcanically quiet period, respectively. The results coincide well with the observations. It is found that the significance of multiple scattering is completely different in these two periods; the background concentration of stratospheric aerosols has probably increased since the 1960's. It is necessary to study the cause of the increase and its impact on climate. 相似文献
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Remote sensing of rainfall parameters by using laser scintillation effect, originally proposed by Wang et al. is a unique approach for getting rainfall rate and raindrop size distribution with excellent temporal and spatial representativeness. In this paper, we review Wang's work, point out the weakness of their basic equations, then establish a complete remote sensing equation in which the observable quantity, the scintillation of light intensity is used. The relationships between the rainfall parameters and the spatial-temporal correlation function of light scintilla tion are systematically discussed. Numerical investigations show that this equation gives at least four different ways to obtain the rainfall rate, and the kernel functions for raindrop size distribution are of excellent resolution. At last, the retrieval scheme of the drop size distribution is discussed. 相似文献
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北半球中层大气中NOx的垂直分布特征 总被引:14,自引:3,他引:14
对UARS卫星1992、1993、1994、1995、1996、1998年夏季的HALOE观测资料分别进行客观分析,把卫星观测资料插值到5°×5°的网格点上.并分别做了30°N和40°N多年平均NO2和NO混合比的垂直剖面分析,各年同纬度不同经度及同经度不同纬度处NO和NO2混合比的垂直分布特征分析.结果表明NO混合比含量在1hPa和l×10-5hPa高度处有两个峰值,0.1hPa处是一个极小值,50hPa到0.3hPa之间NO混合比含量非常稳定,而0.1hPa以上NO含量向上增长.在热层中的NO混合比分布有一定起伏.NO2混合比含量在l00hPa及0.5hPa高度处是极小值,从5hPa到10hPa则为最大值.但l00hPa以下进入对流层后含量急剧增加,往往会超过10-8.在平流层中NO2分布廓线基本吻合,同纬度不同经度极值出现的位置变化不大,但不同纬度极值的位置有一定差异,低纬区极值位置偏高.在中层大气中NOx(NO+NO2)和O3具有非常相似的分布特征,尤其在平流层,它们几乎在同一高度达到极值,说明它们之间有非常密切的联系. 相似文献
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This paper is a continuation of an earlier paper. In this paper, we investigate the stability and the representativeness of the rainfall rate h determined by the B2*-h relationship in the scintillation method of remote sensing of rain parameters, develop an adequate scheme for retrieving rainfall rate and raindrop size distribution (DSD), and finally characterize the technique by numerical simulations. The results show that the B2*-h relationship is quite stable for all the raindrop size distributions used in present simulations; the measured rainfall rate is not severely affected by the distribution of the path-weighting function of B2*. The retrieving of DSDs is successful even if the observation errors are assumed in simulations. The rainfall rates derived from the ratrieving of DSD is more accurate than those determined by B2*-h relationship. This method is superior in heavier rains. 相似文献
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根据世界民航组织和世界气象组织有关专家对当前亚音速飞机排放量的估计和将来20年内增长的预测,用辐射传输模式估算了飞机排放物对地面紫外辐射水平的影响。计算使用DISORT程序,这是一个经过检验可以较好地包括多次散射作用的离散坐标法程序。分别检验了飞机排放煤烟、硫酸盐粒子和卷云的多次散射及引起的臭氧增加对地面280~400 nm紫外辐射的影响。结果表明:根据目前的估计和预测,飞机排放的煤烟和硫酸盐粒子对地面紫外辐射没有影响;引起的臭氧变化也不至于引起地面紫外辐射的变化。但如果天空存在一层卷云(光学厚度0.042),就足以使得地面直射紫外辐射减少5%,总紫外辐射增加1%~2%。有资料表明,飞机排放的水汽可能使得某些地区卷云量增加了10%。因此,可能会对地面紫外辐射产生影响。 相似文献