Interannual variability of the upper layer of the tropical Atlantic Ocean from in situ data between 1979 and 1999

Interannual variability of the upper layers of the tropical Atlantic is described based on in situ data. An objective analysis used all available temperature observations of the upper tropical Atlantic between 1979 and 1999 to construct a 4D database. Wind data are used to investigate potential mechanisms which might explain the observed variability. Four remarkable events are described: 1983–1984, 1988–1990, 1994–1995 and 1997–1998. Three of them are characterised as equatorial (1983–1984, 1994–1995, and 1997–1998). The 1988–1990 event is a basin-wide phenomenon which does not involve the same mechanisms as the other three. Results of statistical decomposition in empirical orthogonal functions (EOFs) are discussed. There is no evidence of an inter-hemispheric mode on the depth of the 20?°C-isotherm (D20) and heat content comparable to the observed mode for sea surface temperature (SST) fields. Most energetic patterns for D20 and heat content are dominated by the stronger variability in the northern part of the basin. Influences of other climate signals are investigated. Correlations between the winter NAO (North Atlantic Oscillation) index and our standard variables is marginally significant. A positive NAOW (North Atlantic Oscillation of Winter) is associated with SST cooling in a latitude band between 10°N and 20°N. When applied to the El-Niño index, correlations are much more significant. We found two scales of maximum correlation: at the four month lag after the El-Niño mature phase when the thermocline slope and zonal heat content gradient are maximum along the equator, and at the ten month lag after the mature phase of El-Niño when the thermocline slope weakens and the equatorial gradient of heat content vanished. The correlation with a zonal wind index (average between 30°W–35°W and 2°N–2°S) has been computed. Correlation is maximum at the six month lag when the thermocline slope and the zonal heat content gradient are maximum in the equatorial band. This “Atlantic Niño” mode is influenced by the Pacific Ocean's variability and reaches a maximum one year after a warm event in the eastern Pacific.     

海南抱板金矿田围岩蚀变带中绿泥石的特征及其意义

通过对海南抱板金矿田围岩蚀变带中绿泥石成分的分析，讨论了蚀变带中绿泥石的成分变化，并由此确定围岩蚀为形成于２９０～３００℃和氧逸度为１０＾－２６～１０＾－３４的条件下，结合含金石英脉的体包裹体研究，从蚀变到成矿物质沉淀，热液的温度和氧逸度是变化的。     

Physical impact of grazing by sheep on soil parameters in the Nama Karoo subshrub/grass rangeland of South Africa

The direct short-term impact of three rates of stocking (4, 8 and 16 small-stock units [SSU] ha^?1) was quantified in terms of soil characteristics of arid Nama Karoo vegetation (subshrub/grass). Mature Merino wethers grazed in the experimental plots throughout May in 1995 and 1996 (the plots were not subjected to grazing at any other time). Stocking rate proved inversely related to initial infiltration rate. Light trampling (4 SSU ha^?1) loosened the topsoil sufficiently to increase the initial infiltration rate: infiltration capacity of soil in fields stocked at 4 SSU ha^?1 and 16 SSU ha^?1 was 17% higher and 14% lower respectively than that of soil of ungrazed rangeland over the two grazing periods. Increased soil compaction and greater bulk density due to higher stocking rates significant decreased the infiltration rate. Compared to ungrazed rangeland stocking rates of 4, 8 and 16 SSU ha^?1 over the two grazing periods increased bulk density respectively by 2.73%, 6.67% and 8.945% and compaction by 10.90%, 16.78% and 20.90%. No grazing also increased bulk density and soil compaction and decreased infiltration rate. Light stocking (4 SSU ha^?1) influenced all soil parameters most favourably. From a hydrologic point of view, grazing levels and rotation schemes need to be tailored for sustainable utilization of arid subshrub/grass vegetation by livestock.     

粘弹介质本构理论讨论

阐述了建立物质本构关系时应满足的基本公理,较详细地推导了各种类型粘弹性物质的本构关系,论述了变率理论与泛函数论之间的关系,推导了对于粘弹性问题求解具有实用意义的对应定理,并以简单的例子说明对应定理的应用。     

Comparison between modelling and measurement of marine dispersion,environmental half-time and 137Cs inventories after the Fukushima Daiichi accident

Contamination of the marine environment following the accident at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant (FDNPP) represents the most important influx of artificial radioactivity released into the sea ever recorded. The evaluation, in near real time, of the total amount of radionuclide released at sea and of the residence time in coastal waters were ones of challenges for nuclear authorities during this event. In the framework of a crisis situation, a numerical hydrodynamical model has been built and used ‘as is’. The concomitant use of this numerical model and in situ data allows the comparison of the simulated and measured environmental half-times. A tuning of the wind drag coefficient has been nevertheless necessary to reproduce the evolution of measured inventories of ¹³⁷Cs and ¹³⁴Cs between April and June 2011. After tuning, the relative mean absolute error between measured and simulated concentrations for the 849 measurements in the dataset is 69 %, while the relative bias indicates a model underestimation of 4 %. These results confirm the estimates of the source term, i.e. 27 PBq (12–41 PBq) for direct releases and 3 PBq for atmospheric deposition onto the sea. The parameters applied here to simulate atmospheric deposition onto the sea are within the correct order of magnitude for reproducing seawater concentrations. Quantitative inventories of tracers which integrate dispersion and transport processes are useful to test model reliability. It exhausts the model sensibility to meteorological forcing, which remains difficult to appraise to reproduce mid- to long-term transport.     

美国Culberson重晶石-硫磺矿中流体包裹体的研究

Culberson自然硫-重晶石矿床位于美国德克萨斯州的Delaware油气盆地中,是北美最大的自然硫矿床。它产在晚二叠世Ochoan期的Castile组和Salado组的石灰宕夹薄层蒸发岩和有机质灰岩中,重晶石和自然硫是后生的,常交代这两个组地层中的蒸发岩和富含有机质的灰岩,并填充在古喀斯特中。流体包裹体的研究表明：有两个世代的包裹体,即成岩时和方解石后生加大和重晶石中捕获的石油包裹体和流体包裹体。按包裹体的成分和相态可分为一相液体包裹体、二相气液体包裹体和油气包裹体。研究表明,在方解石、重晶石和天青石的同一生长带中可见到含有不同气液比的流体包裹体、空的包裹体和油气包裹体,它们是在一个不混溶的环境中捕获的,因而其均一温度的测定并不可靠。流体包裹体的T_e在-18℃～-24℃之间,属于NaCl- H_2O体系,盐度为2%～10%。有许多油气包裹体,因而其成矿流体应是一个温度小于100℃的油田水．     

Tepee structures and associated diagenetic features in intertidal carbonate sands (lower Jurassic,Morocco)

In southeastern Morocco, Early Jurassic inter- to supratidal carbonates can be followed for 200–300 km along the southern slopes of the High Atlas mountains. These beds form intervals of several tens to more than one hundred metres.Tepee structures, which are common in these beds, are confined to coarse-grained, early lithified beaches. Comparison with similar features in the Recent, and analysis of the diagenetic history of the sheetcrack-fills suggests that the formation of the tepees is an early, almost synsedimentary event.     

Analcimic zones in the tertiary of anatolia and their geological positions

The Anatolian Tertiary and especially the Neogene have some geological series with analcime as the principal rock-forming mineral. Sedimentation basins receiving material in suspension and in solution permit the authigenesis of analcime dolomite, calcite and opal(C-T). Analcimes formed by hydrothermal alteration on the ocean floor, after the pillow lava and diabasic dyke complexes of ophiolites, can form a source of detrital analcime when they are on the continental medium. Continental alteration of the pillow lavas and diabasic dykes permits the formation of solutions suitable in composition for analcime authigenesis. Analcimes formed in these environments are particularly related to the silica content of these media.Principal clay minerals formed with analcimic formations are smectites and (14_s—14_c) mixed layers. Illite, chlorite and corrensite are also present in smaller quantities.     

流体包裹体研究的进展和方向

国外近十年来,在流体包裹体研究方面取得很大进展,除了在地质年会上有许多成果报道之外,专业会议更是每年召开一次（指北美流体包裹体会议和欧州体包裹体会议）,报道了大量最新的有关包裹体的研究成果。本文将从４个方面评述国外近年来流体包裹体的研究进展：即人工流体包裹体及Ｐ－Ｔ－Ｖ－Ｘ属性;流体包裹体的成分分析和年代学;流体包裹体在金矿及其他矿床研究中的应用和利用流体包裹体寻找石油。     

RETRIEVAL OF HORIZONTAL WIND PERTURBATION FIELDS FROM SIMULATED SINGLE DOPPLER RADAR OBSERVATIONS

The application of the single Doppler radar dataset analysis is usually confined to the assumption that the actualwind is linearly distributed or uniform locally.Following some dynamic features of convective weather,a conceptualmodel of moderate complexity is constructed,wherewith a horizontal wind perturbation field is retrieved directly fromthe single Doppler radar measurements.The numerical experiments are based on a 3-D cloud model-generatedconvective cell,whose radial velocity component is taken as the radar observations that are put into the closed equationsbased on the conceptual model to retrieve the horizontal wind perturbation field.After the initial field is properlytreated,the retrieval equation is solved in terms of the 2-D FFT technique and the sensitivity to noise is examined.Finally,contrast analysis is done of the retrieved and the cloud model output wind fields,indicating the usefulness of theapproach proposed in this paper.