城市利用地下咸水节省淡水资源

开发地下咸水,用于城市居民生活,可节省58%淡水资源.还可腾出地下库容,增大降雨入渗,淡化地下咸水,改善生态环境.     

造成大浪淀水库富营养化主要因子及变化规律分析

水资源短缺是全球普遍关注的问题,水质恶化更加剧了这一问题的严重性.本文针对河北省大浪淀水库投入运营后水质变化的情况,论述了水体产生富营养化的原因及危害,分析了影响大浪淀水库水质的主要因子及其变化规律,提出了改善水体环境、提高饮用水质量的防治方法.     

强胁迫力使脆弱环境突变——松辽平原百年开发史例证

以松辽平原为案例,首次提出并论证了"人类强胁迫力作用于脆弱环境系统必将导致生态环境突变"的命题。而这种突变机理又对"人类力是现代环境变化的第一驱动力"的论点提供支持。文章运用了区域学原理,对区域综合要素进行了分析,判定区域属于脆弱系统;运用地理景观理论,构建了距今约150年、100年、50年和现今(2000年)共4个时期的区域生态景观模型,揭示出人类逐阶强化胁迫的过程,并结合遥感分析,首次识别出松辽平原大面积荒漠和半荒漠;引进系统突变模型,论证了生态环境突变过程的存在及所特有的快速扩张性,可导致重大生态灾难--荒漠化过程失控。文章建议应认真研究中国广大地带的环境突变问题,制定科学合理的环境战略,应对全球环境变化的挑战。     

Analysis of the Chiufengershan landslide triggered by the 1999 Chi-Chi earthquake in Taiwan

A disastrous earthquake rocked Taiwan on September 21, 1999, with magnitude M_L=7.3 and an epicenter near the small town of Chi-Chi in central Taiwan. The Chi-Chi earthquake triggered landslide on the dip slope at the Chiufengershan. In this study, a review of the topography and geology of this area was followed by field investigations. Laboratory testing was applied to understand the geomaterial composing the slope. Then, based on a series of limit equilibrium analyses, the failure mechanism of this landslide and the risk of the residual slope were studied.

According to the stability analyses, the pre-quake slope is quite stable, with factor of safety of 1.77 (dry) to 1.35 (full groundwater level); explaining why there is no written record of a landslide here for the past 100 years. In contrast, a back analysis shows that the Chi-Chi earthquake-induced dynamic loading is far more than the dip slope can sustain, due in part to the short distance to the epicenter. A Monte Carlo type probability analysis suggests that the residual slope is more dangerous than the pre-quake slope and needs more attention.     

石墨炉原子吸收分光光度法测定土壤样品中痕量镉

研究了土壤样品中痕量镉的石墨炉原子吸收分光光度法测定最佳条件以及磷酸二氢铵与硝酸镁作基体改进剂对测定镉的基体改进效应，并比较了两种试样分解体系。方法检出限为0.01pg／L，精密度(RSD，n=8)为3．29％-7．69％，经国家一级标准物质分析验证，结果与标准值符合。     

青藏高原东部基于噪声的面波群速度分布特征

通过收集青海、甘肃、四川三省的76个地震台记录的2008年1—12月三分量的连续噪声数据,利用噪声面波层析成像的方法获得了青藏高原东部的面波群速度分布特征。首先采用多重滤波方法提取了1 000多条台站对5～50 s的三分量面波群速度频散曲线,然后将研究区域划分为0.2°×0.2°的网格,利用O ccam方法反演了瑞利波(R-R)和勒夫波(T-T)的群速度分布。反演得到的群速度分布特征与地表地质和构造特征表现出较好的相关性,清晰地揭示了地壳内部的横向速度变化。层析成像的结果显示在短周期(8～20 s)内,拥有较厚的沉积层的四川盆地表现为明显的低速特征,而青藏高原东部则表现为较高的群速度分布特征;随着周期的增加(>20 s),群速度的分布特征呈现出与短周期相反的特性,青藏高原东部下方的速度远远低于四川盆地,这可能与青藏高原东部中、下地壳低速层相关联,同时也意味着研究区域的地壳结构具有明显的横向不均匀性。在群速度分布图上,龙门山不仅是四川盆地与青藏高原的地形和构造分界带,同时也对应着高群速度与低群速度的过渡带。     

安徽峙门口铜—铁—金—硫矿床地球化学特征

峙门口铜—铁—金—硫矿床发育上部层状矿体和下部脉状矿体。上部层状矿石重晶石的δ~(34)S值为+14.10‰～+18.90‰。上部层状矿石黄铁矿和方铅矿的δ~(34)S值为+3.50‰～+5.84‰,下部脉状矿石黄铁矿的δ~(34)S值为+4.80‰～+6.80‰。下部脉状矿石中脉石英的δ~(18)O值为+14.3‰～+1 8.5‰,δ~(30)Si值为-0.3%0～-0.2‰。下部脉状矿石黄铁矿Re/Os比值为78.342～175.540,上(顶)部层状矿石中黄铁矿Re/Os比值为62.298～169.545。从下部脉状矿石到上部层状矿石,δ~(34)S值、Re/Os比值和流体包裹体温度249 ℃→97 ℃逐渐降低,~(206)Pb/~(204)Pb、~(207)Pb/~(204)Pb、~(208)Pb/~(204)Pb平均值和Os_总、Re、~(187)Re等含量逐渐增高。矿石黄铁矿Re-Os同位素等时线年龄303±33 Ma。地质地球化学特征反映峙门口铜—铁—金—硫矿床为海底热水喷流沉积成因。     

Cracking mechanisms during galena mineralization in a sandstone-hosted lead–zinc ore deposit: case study of the Jinding giant sulfide deposit, Yunnan, SW China

There are two types of lead–zinc ore bodies, i.e., sandstone-hosted ores (SHO) and limestone-hosted ores (LHO), in the Jinding giant sulfide deposit, Yunnan, SW China. Structural analysis suggests that thrust faults and dome structures are the major structural elements controlling lead–zinc mineralization. The two types of ore bodies are preserved in two thrust sheets in a three-layered structural profile in the framework of the Jinding dome structure. The SHO forms the cap of the dome and LHO bodies are concentrated beneath the SHO cap in the central part of the dome. Quartz, feldspar and calcite, and sphalerite, pyrite, and galena are the dominant mineral components in the sandstone-hosted lead–zinc ores. Quartz and feldspar occur as detrital clasts and are cemented by diagenetic calcite and epigenetic sulfides. The sulfide paragenetic sequence during SHO mineralization is from early pyrite to galena and late sphalerite. Galena occurs mostly in two types of cracks, i.e., crescent-style grain boundary cracks along quartz–pyrite, or rarely along pyrite–pyrite boundaries, and intragranular radial cracks in early pyrite grains surrounding quartz clasts. The radial cracks are more or less perpendicular to the quartz–pyrite grain boundaries and do not show any overall (whole rock) orientation pattern. Their distribution, morphological characteristics, and geometrical relationships with quartz and pyrite grains suggest the predominant role of grain-scale cracking. Thermal expansion cracking is one of the most important mechanisms for the generation of open spaces during galena mineralization. Cracking due to heating or cooling by infiltrating fluids resulted from upwelling fluid phases through fluid passes connecting the SHO and LHO bodies, provided significant spaces for crystallization of galena. The differences in coefficients of thermal expansion between pyrite and quartz led to a difference in volume changes between quartz grains and pyrite grains surrounding them and contributed to cracking of the pyrite grains when temperature changed. Combined thermal expansion and elastic mismatch due to heating and subsequent cooling resulted in the radial and crescent cracking in the pyrite grains and along the quartz–pyrite grain boundaries.     

不同尺寸煤颗粒分选机理的研究

针对不同用户对煤炭粒径有不同的要求,煤颗粒粒径在4mm以下,其中0.125mm粒径以下的颗粒不能超过10%的无烟煤精粉有大量的出口需求,而目前所用设备产品质量不能满足要求,而且效率低的状况,对煤颗粒粒级分选设备的工作原理进行了分析并提出改进方案。基于流体力学理论对改进的设备的工作原理进行了数学建模和算例分析,得出随粒径不同,沉降时间不同,因而在风流中沉降距离不同,从而可以利用风流达到对煤粒进行分选的目的。     

基于GIS的地震安全性评价数据管理的研究

目前的地震安全性评价数据管理方法过于陈旧,不利于数据的查询和再利用。通过对这一问题的深入分析,针对安评数据的多元性特点,结合GIS的优势,提出了利用GIS技术对地震安全性评价数据进行管理的方法,并设计出了数据库管理系统的基本框架。该系统的建立,将为地震安全性评价数据管理、查询和再利用提供便利。