Mineralogy,Fluid Inclusion,and Hydrogen and Oxygen Isotope Studies of the Intrusion‐Related Yangla Cu Deposit in the Sanjiang Region,SW China: Implications for Metallogenesis and Deposit Type

The Yangla deposit is an intrusion‐related Cu deposit in the Jinshajiang tectonic belt (eastern Sanjiang region, SW China). Despite extensive studies that have been conducted on this deposit, the relationship between the granitic magma and Cu mineralization is still unclear, and hence, the genesis is debated. To answer this question, we conducted an integrated study of mineralogy, fluid inclusions (FIs), and hydrogen and oxygen (H‐O) isotopes. Three mineralization stages were identified based on the ore textures, alteration zonation, and crosscutting relationships: (i) pre‐ore prograde skarn (stage I), with the garnet and pyroxene dominated by andradite and diopside, respectively; (ii) syn‐ore retrograde alteration (stage II), which is subdivided into the early syn‐ore stage (stage IIa) marked by retrograde hydrated mineral assemblages and significant Fe‐Cu‐Mo‐Pb‐Zn sulfide mineralization, and the late syn‐ore stage (stage IIb) featured by quartz‐calcite veins; and (iii) late supergene mineralization (stage III), which is characterized by secondary azurite and malachite. These results of mineralogy, FIs, and H‐O isotopes indicate that: (i) Cu mineralization has a close temporal, spatial, and genetic relationship with skarn alteration; (ii) the ore fluids were magmatic dominated with late‐stage meteoric water incursion; and (iii) Type‐S (halite‐bearing) and Type‐V (vapor‐rich) FIs coexisted in garnet and clinopyroxene of stage I, indicating that fluid boiling might have occurred during this stage. From stage I to stage IIa, the FI type transformed from Type‐S + Type‐V + Type‐L (liquid‐rich) to Type‐V + Type‐L with the conduct of mineralization and was accompanied by the disappearance of Type‐S, and homogenization temperature and salinity also tended to decrease dramatically, which may be caused by the deposition of skarn minerals. At stage IIa, boiling of the ore fluids still continued due to the change from lithostatic to hydrostatic pressure, which triggered the precipitation of abundant quartz‐Cu‐Mo‐Fe sulfides. Furthermore, fluid mixing between a high‐temperature magmatic fluid and a low‐temperature meteoric water might cause a considerable drop in temperature and the deposition of Cu‐bearing quartz/calcite veins during stage IIb. Hence, we consider the Yangla deposit to be of a skarn type, genetically related to the Mesozoic magmatism in the Sanjiang region.     

Granite is an Effective Helium Source Rock: Insights from the Helium Generation and Release Characteristics in Granites from the North Qinling Orogen,China

Global helium(He) shortage is a challenging problem; however, the types of helium source rock and the mechanisms of He generation and release therein remain still poorly understood. In this study, in order to evaluate the potential of granite as an effective helium source rock, we collected granitic samples from the North Qinling Orogen, Central China, in the south of the helium-rich Weihe Basin. The helium generation and release behaviors in granite were studied through analysis of U and Th concentrations, EMPA images, and He and Ar concentrations and isotopic ratios extracted by crushing and stepwise heating. The results indicate that Ar has a better retention and a lower mobility than He. 3 He/4 He ratios released by crushing and stepwise heating are 0.016–0.056 RA and 0.003–0.572 RA, respectively, where RA is the atmospheric 3 He/4 He of 1.4×10-6, reflecting a crustal and radiogenic source. Helium concentrations extracted by the two ways are 0.13–0.95 ucm3 STP/g and 7.82–115.62 ucm3 STP/g, respectively, suggesting that matrix-sited He accounts for more than 98% of total helium preserved in granite. In addition, the total generated He amounts in granites are calculated based on the measured U and Th concentrations in granitic samples. Dividing the preserved He quantities by the generated He amounts, it turned out that less than 10% of He produced since the formation of the granite is preserved in the rock over geological time, suggesting that more than 90% generated He can be transferred to the Weihe Basin. Temperature and fracture are the two critical factors controlling He release. Based on the relationship between He diffusivity of granites and temperature and the He closure temperatures of a variety of U-and Th-rich minerals(27–250°C), we estimate that He can be partially released out of granite at the depths 400 m and totally released at the depths 7800 m. Fractures provide effective transfer of free He from deep source rocks to shallow reservoirs. Finally, a model on granite as an effective helium source rock is established. We suggest exploring He resources in hydrocarbon basins with granitic basement(or adjacent to granite bodies), high geothermal field, and young active fractures.     

贵州省开阳县耕地土壤与农作物硒地球化学特征及其影响因素

由于昆明近几年城市建设发展、地铁兴建、地下水开采等,导致地面出现严重的沉降现象,因此对其进行有效监测十分必要。本文利用覆盖昆明地区的30幅Sentinel-1A影像,分别采用PS InSAR技术和SBAS InSAR技术进行数据处理,获得两组昆明市主城区的地表沉降信息,并通过交叉验证分析和时序分析对两组结果进行对比。结果表明：两种方法的结果具有相关性、可靠性和较高一致性,研究区在2018年7月至2019年7月期间存在地面沉降问题,且最大年沉降速率可达到-39.258 3 mm/a。     

辽中凹陷古近系东营组高精度层序地层及沉积体系分析

以地震资料、测井、录井资料为主,结合孢粉化石等地质资料,将辽中凹陷东营组地层划分为3个三级层序,并划分了沉积体系域,根据易于识别和追踪的水退浊积扇底界面划分四级层序,将东营组划分为7个四级层序.通过岩心观察及对测井、地震特征的对比,在层序内部识别出浊积扇、近岸水下扇、扇三角洲、辫状河三角洲、曲流河三角洲、滨浅湖一滩坝等...     

轴流转桨式机组水电站事故闸门设置方式初探

近年轴流转桨式机组水电站进水口事故闸门有两种布置方式,一门一机布置和多门一机布置.本文结合轴流转桨式机组特性,阐述防止机组飞逸的保护措施.然后通过两种布置方式的优缺点比较,建议采用一门一机的方式.     

准饱和黄土中暗穴水动力扩展响应的研究

为分析强降水过程中暗穴扩展机理,在野外调查资料的基础上,建立了准饱和黄土暗穴的扩展计算模型,概化为弹性准饱和土层中无限长圆柱形孔洞表面受水压力的动力响应问题。通过引入势函数,得到了Lap lace变换域中的应力、位移及孔隙水压力的解析表达式,并利用数值逆变换方法求得时域解,分析了降雨历时及饱和度等因子对暗穴动力响应的影响。结果表明,水动力是引起黄土暗穴扩展的主要因素,水压力作用历时对位移及应力有较大的影响,同时饱和度的细微变化对径向位移有显著影响。     

鄂北杭锦旗地区下石盒子组储层物性特征及评价

杭锦旗地区位于鄂尔多斯盆地北部伊盟隆起杭锦旗断阶带上,下石盒子组为辫状河和河流相沉积。通过薄片观察、岩心物性分析和压汞曲线实验,对岩石学特征、物性特征、孔隙结构特征进行了分析。结果表明:下石盒子组砂岩储层孔隙类型,主要有剩余原生粒间孔、次生孔隙和高岭石晶间隙;裂缝不发育;孔隙结构可分为细喉微孔型、粗喉大孔型和细喉中孔型三类,其中以细喉中孔型为主。储层为中低孔、低渗储层,盒3段物性最好。利用径向基神经网络解释的孔隙度参数在岩心实验校正后进行储层平面分布评价,结果表明:锦2、锦6～锦7井区是下石盒子组有利发育带。     

桩侧泥皮和桩底沉渣对钻孔桩承载力影响的数值模拟

运用有限元软件模拟分析了桩侧泥皮和桩底沉渣对钻孔桩承载力的影响。通过对不同桩底沉渣厚度和强度下单桩承载力模拟计算,研究了沉渣对钻孔桩承载力的影响规律,指出沉渣厚度的影响存在临界值,当沉渣厚度超过临界值300 mm时沉渣厚度对单桩承载力影响不是很明显,主要是沉渣强度的影响。引入桩侧泥皮摩阻力折减系数来考虑泥皮强度的影响,计算分析了泥皮高度和强度对钻孔桩承载力的影响,并指出泥皮高度是主要因素。     

氧化亚铁硫杆菌对黄铁矿的氧化作用初探

利用自行分离培养的氧化亚铁硫杆菌(A.f菌)为实验菌株,比较了黄铁矿化学氧化和生物氧化过程中溶液铁离子浓度的变化。研究发现,Fe3 对黄铁矿的氧化速率较低,而在细菌的作用下可以不断将Fe2 氧化成Fe3 使得黄铁矿的氧化速率明显加快,因此生物氧化具有更高的效率。经过44 d的氧化之后,利用扫描电镜对氧化后的黄铁矿表面进行了显微观察,发现Fe3 的化学氧化主要集中在化学键较弱的晶棱部位,而在生物氧化的情况下矿物表面充满了密集的溶蚀坑,溶蚀坑的形状与A.f菌的外形非常相近,且规则排列。这说明A.f菌能够吸附到黄铁矿表面,并且这种吸附具有定向排列的特点。     

南京汤山驼子洞洞穴堆积及其意义

通过对南京汤山驼子洞洞穴堆积观察描述和样品分析测试,结合前人研究成果和汤山地区地质地貌演化的历史,讨论了驼子洞堆积的时代、堆积过程和方式,并对其蕴含的构造、地貌、气候和生物进化等古环境信息进行了合理的挖掘。初步研究表明驼子洞堆积可能是跨早更新世与中更新世早期的地层,其上部含哺乳动物化石的堆积可能反映了偏暖的气候环境。