北斗Ⅱ载波相位差分定位法在高填方变形监测中的应用

通过对北斗Ⅱ载波相位差分定位技术在高填方变形监测中的应用研究,包括实时动态差分定位(RTK)和静态相对定位,构建了完整的北斗Ⅱ高填方变形监测软硬件系统。该系统采用基于贯序极限学习机的卫星信号周跳探测与修复方法进行数据预处理,并利用基于卫星历元数的分层置信滤波算法对静态相对定位结果进行修正,提高了定位结果的准确性和可靠性。通过自制的精度测试装置,以百分表和钢尺测量的位移变化量为相对真值,完成了上述变形监测系统的精度试验。试验结果表明:该系统的RTK高程测量精度优于2 cm,静态高程测量精度优于2 mm,静态水平位移测量精度优于1.5 mm,可有效抑制卫星信号周跳和卫星历元数量较少等因素的影响。     

一种快速有效的大数据区域网平差方法

针对摄影测量影像来源多样化、复杂化、大数据化等趋势,传统区域网平差算法在应对当前复杂多变的数据来源,矩阵排列毫无规律的法方程结构以及大数据量带来的高内存需求和低计算效率等问题上,遇到了前所未有的挑战,为了解决上述难题,本文引入了预条件共轭梯度法以及不精确牛顿解法求解区域网平差过程中的法方程,同时使用一种块状法方程系数矩阵压缩存储格式,构建了全新的区域网平差技术流程。本文方法避免了直接对法方程系数矩阵的求逆,压缩了法方程系数矩阵所需的内存空间,使得本文算法比传统算法所需计算机内存空间大幅减少,平差计算速度明显提升,同时保证了计算精度与传统方法相当。初步试验证明,本文方法对4500张影像、近900万像点数据的平差计算在普通电脑上仅需要约15min,且计算精度达到子像素级。     

一种改进的高铁无砟轨道检测方法

无砟轨道的静态检测通常是沿着轨道线路对轨枕逐个检测,这样做虽然能够满足工程精度的需要但是工作效率较低。文中通过比较不同的插值方法的优缺点,最终选择通过三次样条插值对静态轨道检测的隔轨数据进行处理,并结合贵广高铁检测工程在采用不同的测量方案下,对高铁线路直线段和曲线段的插值结果进行分析。并且用内插后的轨检数据结果与连续测量后得到的轨检数据进行比较,得出不同条件下最有效、最准确的测量与数据处理的实施方案,工程实践证明,文中提出的检测与数据处理手段具有准确性和高效性。     

重庆市全域山系脉络梳理及划定工作研究

重庆属于典型的山地地貌类型,但全域山系脉络情况一直没有被全面而详细的梳理。本文研究利用DEM、遥感影像及其他相关资料,从生态角度出发,由下至上地提取重庆市域范围内山体、山脉,形成全市山系脉络基础本底,对重庆市山系生态保护范围的划定及定量化研究具有重要的理论和实践意义。     

A STUDY OF RAPID DECAY TYPHOONS IN OFFSHORE WATERS OF CHINA

On the basis of NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data and yearbooks of CMA tropical cyclones, statistical analysis is performed for 1949—2013 offshore typhoons subjected to rapid decay(RD). This analysis indicates that RD typhoons are small-probability events, making up about 2.2% of the total offshore typhoons during this period. The RD events experience a decadal variation, mostly in the 1960 s and 1970 s(maximal in the 1970 s), rapidly decrease in the 1980 s and 1990 s and quickly increase from 2000. Also, RD typhoons show remarkable seasonal differences: they arise mainly in April and July-December, with the prime stage being in October-November. The offshore RD typhoons occur mostly in the South China Sea(SCS) and to a lesser extent in the East China Sea(ECS); however, none are observed over the Huang Sea and Bo Sea.Composite analysis and dynamic diagnosis of the RD typhoon-related large-scale circulations are performed.Physical quantities of the composite analysis consist of 500-h Pa height and temperature fields, vapor transfer, vertical wind shear(VWS), density of core convection(DCC), and high-level jet and upper-air outflow of the typhoon. The results suggest that(1) at the 500-h Pa height field, the typhoon is ahead of a westerly trough and under the effects of its passing trough;(2) at the temperature field, the typhoon is ahead of a temperature trough, with an invading cold tongue present;(3) at the vapor transfer field, water transfer into the RD typhoon is cut off; and(4) at higher levels, the related jet weakens and the outbreak of convection becomes attenuated in the typhoon core. In addition, VWS bears a relation to the RD typhoon; in particular, strong VWS favors RD occurrence.The differences in RD events between the SCS and ECS show that for the RD, the VWS of the ECS environmental winds is markedly stronger in comparison with its SCS counterpart. The cold advection invading into the typhoons is more intense in the SCS than in the ECS, and the low-level vapor transfer and high-level outflow are weaker in the SCS RD typhoons.Data analysis shows that sea surface temperature(SST), VWS, and DCC can be employed as efficient factors to predict RD occurrence. With appropriate SST, VWS, and DCC, a warning of RD occurrence can be given 36, 30-36,and 30 h, respectively, in advance. These values suggest that atmospheric SST responses lag. Owing to this time lag,the prediction of RD typhoons is possible.     

中国东北地区冬季气温趋势及反相模态分析

利用1951—2010年我国东北地区共97个台站的逐月气温资料,应用trend-EOF和EOF分析方法研究了我国东北地区冬季气温的趋势模态和反相模态及其影响因子。trend-EOF的结果表明,东北地区均为一致型的趋势变化,trend-PC1有明显的年代际周期变化和更长期的上升趋势变化特征。去除全球变暖信号后的EOF分析结果表明:第一模态仍为全区一致型的空间分布,而第二模态的空间分布呈现南北反相型的分布特征,是东北冬季气温变化模态中极为重要的一部分,对应的时间序列有明显的年际周期变化,前两个模态可以解释总方差80%以上的变化。东北地区全区一致的上升趋势是在全球变暖大背景下发生的,既是对全球变暖的局地响应,同时全球变暖也使大气环流发生了变化,西伯利亚高压减弱,纬向环流增强,导致了东北地区冬季气温全区的上升趋势。赤道东太平洋的异常海温对第二模态的出现具有一定的预示意义,当太平洋出现典型的厄尔尼诺年海温距平场分布特征时,东北南部较常年偏暖,北部地区却较常年偏冷。     

地理学研究进展与前沿领域

现代地理学涵盖自然地理学、人文地理学和地理信息科学，其发展趋势是：相邻学科的交叉、渗透与融合，加强地理学内部的综合研究，地理过程的微观研究进一步深化，结合实践拓宽应用研究领域，实验与研究手段的现代化，理论思维模式的转变。地理学应在陆地表层过程与格局、全球环境变化及其区域响应、自然资源保障与生态环境建设、区域可持续发展及人地系统的机理与调控、地理信息科学和数字地球战略等前沿领域开拓创新，为促进地球系统科学的发展、协调人地关系等做出积极的贡献。     

Research on the Development Status and Strategy of Productive Rooftop Gardens on Commercial Complexes

The introduction of productive gardens on public building roofs is an active way to use urban idle space. It has ecological, economic, and social values and helps alleviate many urban problems caused by the rapid advancement of land urbanization. This paper takes the productive rooftop garden of an urban commercial complex as an example, and assesses its development status based on methods including ArcGIS, field research, and questionnaire interviews, combined with the overall aspects of the country and key case analysis. The results indicate several key aspects of the current status of such gardens in China. (1) As affected by natural and social factors, the current spatial distribution of productive rooftop gardens of commercial complexes in Chinese mainland is uneven, with 84.21% located in the southeast coast and the Sichuan region. (2) The operation and development of this type of productive landscape is in good shape. The number of rooftop gardens has continued to increase since 2013, and the scale is generally greater. Currently, the business model which combines nature education and parent-child amusement experience activities is the most stable. (3) Cases in good operating condition tend to have relatively related characteristics in layouts, traffic functions, landscape elements, and space design. (4) Questionnaire interviews show that citizens are highly willing to participate in rooftop productive landscapes, while operators still experience challenges in policies, funds, and planting knowledge in practice. This paper analyses the existing problems in the development status and strategy of the rooftop productive landscape. It proposes complementary optimization strategies to serve as a reference for the rooftop design of commercial complexes and the utilization of a significant amount of idle space on the roofs.     

苏州澄湖湖底硬粘土粒度特征及成因初探

澄湖是太湖平原上的一个浅水湖泊,湖底十分平坦,主要由硬粘土组成,同时发育有NW—SE横穿澄湖的古河道和泥沼洼地。在接近湖泊中心部位的古河道中打钻获得了4 m长的岩芯,并进行了详细的粒度分析。结果表明,该岩芯下部的硬粘土主要由细粉砂、中粉砂和粘土组成,分别占26.7%~38.1%,26.9%~34.3%和19.7%~26.2%,可命名为粘土质粉砂;众数粒径为10~50 μm,平均占57.9%;平均粒径为6.3~6.9。将其与上部的湖泊沉积、镇江下蜀黄土和中国北方各地黄土的粒度比较表明,苏州澄湖湖底的硬粘土原本也是风尘沉积。     

含铀物质对泥岩有机质热模拟生烃产物的影响

有机—无机相互作用是沉积盆地中普遍存在且不可改变的事实。采用加水热模拟实验方法,考察了含铀物质对泥岩样品热解生烃产物的影响。结果发现,含铀物质的加入,极大的提高了泥岩热解产物中气体产物的生成量。对气体组分的分析表明,产物中二氧化碳的含量增加,而甲烷的含量较少,一氧化碳的含量则呈现先增加后减少的趋势,对液态抽提物的分析发现,含铀物质促进了热解过程中产生的高碳数正构烷烃的降解,使得抽提物中饱和烃族组分的轻重比值有所增加,同时,含铀物质对泥岩热解产生的甾、萜烷类生物标志化合物也产生了一定的影响。