MEASUREMENTS OF ICE-FORMING RATES PRODUCED BY SUPERSONIC FLOW AND INVESTIGATION OF MECHANISMS OF ICE CRYSTAL GENERATION*

The ice forming rates p_i produced by supersonic flow have been measured in supercooled fog suspended in a cold chamber at temperatures of 0 to -12℃.It has been shown that the ice-forming rates are 10¹¹ to 10¹² crystals per gram of air at Mach numbers of 1.1 to 1.84 and total pressures below 6 atm,and that the ice-forming rates slowly increase with increasing Mach numbers and total pressures and with decreasing ambient temperatures.These results are theoretically consistent with the rules for expansion in supersonic flow.In review of mechanisms of ice crystal generation,authors propose that the homogeneous nucleation-free zing(condensation-freezing)of water vapor in supersonic flow be the dominant mechanism.In our opinion,supersonic flow,for artificial precipitation,could be expected to provide an economical,non-polluting and convenient technology,and suitable for the long-distance operation.The data obtained from our experiments indicate that it is feasible to develop a new technique for weather modification.     

城市绿化树木的降温增湿效应研究

选择广州市8种常见绿化树木,测试其叶片的蒸腾强度和绿地叶面积指数.计算绿地的蒸腾强度.据此算出绿地的降温和增湿效能,并与同步观测的绿化、未绿化地区的气温差、温度差作对照.两者变化趋势一致,数值大小相近似.单位绿地面积的树木蒸腾使周围大气降温和增湿的数值大小,因影响范围和树种不同而异.随之概算了广州为改善城市热岛效应所需的绿地面积,探讨了城市绿化定额指标问题.     

融合多源空间数据的城镇人口分布估算

精细尺度的城镇人口空间分布是分析人类-资源-环境相互关系的重要指标。本文提出了一种融合地理空间大数据和高分辨率遥感数据估计精细尺度城镇人口分布的方法。通过对比各指标与人口相关性,选取R2>0.7的建筑面积、到道路距离、夜间灯光强度、商服中心、EAHSI指数、幼儿园、公园、小学、加油站、医院、公交车站、长途汽车站作为影响人口分布的变量因子。结合城市功能区数据确定人口分布区域,利用随机森林模型对宁波市2018年人口数据进行了500 m格网空间化,从而得出宁波市城镇人口空间分布图。最后,基于随机森林模型的变量因子重要性分析宁波市人口空间分布的影响因素。研究结果表明,本文所提出的城镇人口分布模型在街道尺度的估算精度为81.2%,平均相对误差MRE为0.29、RMSE为3279.89;网格级别的MRE为17.16,RMSE为1149.9,因此模型能精确地反演城镇内部街道人口分布信息。通过对变量因子重要性进行比较,发现建筑面积重要性约为0.22,对宁波市人口估算影响最大;到道路的距离、夜间灯光强度、商服中心、EAHSI（Elevation-Adjusted Human Settlement Index）、幼儿园、公园对宁波市人口估算具有重要作用。本文在格网级别进行的人口分布精度验证对于研究城市精细人口分布具有重大意义。     

粘土地基中的水浮力试验研究

本文运用模型试验方法,对粘土层中深基础上的地下水浮力的力学效应进行分析,主要探讨不同水位下地下水浮力的变化规律和地下水浮力随时间的动态变化过程。试验结果表明,实测的地下水浮力始终比按阿基米德定律计算的理论水浮力要小,具体的变化规律可用折减系数来表示,不同水位下地下水浮力的变化规律基本相同,在水位刚达到时的折减系数达到0.3～0.4。随着时间的增长,折减系数逐步增大,最终达到0.65～0.72。     

A scale-explicit model for checking directional consistency in multi-resolution spatial data

Multi-resolution spatial data always contain the inconsistencies of topological, directional, and metric relations due to measurement methods, data acquisition approaches, and map generalization algorithms. Therefore, checking these inconsistencies is critical for maintaining the integrity of multi-resolution or multi-source spatial data. To date, research has focused on the topological consistency, while the directional consistency at different resolutions has been largely overlooked. In this study we developed computation methods to derive the direction relations between coarse spatial objects from the relations between detailed objects. Then, the consistency of direction relations at different resolutions can be evaluated by checking whether the derived relations are compatible with the relations computed from the coarse objects in multi-resolution spatial data. The methods in this study modeled explicitly the scale effects of direction relations induced by the map generalization operator – merging, thus they are efficient for evaluating consistency. The directional consistency is an essential complement to topological and object-based consistencies.     

Estimating the Numbers and the Areas of Collapsed Buildings by Combining VHR Images,Statistics and Survey Data: a Case Study of the Lushan Earthquake in China

Accurately obtaining the structures and damage types of buildings in earthquake stricken areas is fundamental to supporting rescue forces and estimating economic losses and casualties. As the stricken areas are often much larger than the areas covered by very high resolution (VHR) images, the information obtained from VHR images cannot satisfy practical needs. This study developed a method for estimating the structures and types of damaged buildings by combining VHR images, statistics and ground survey data. First, the rates of damaged buildings with different structures and damage types were manually interpreted from VHR images covering a small part of the stricken area, and further corrected by ground survey data. Second, the corrected rates were reallocated to the seismic intensity zones. Third, the rates in the seismic intensity zones and the statistical data were combined to estimate the numbers and areas of damaged buildings in villages, towns and counties. The presented method was applied to estimate the damages caused by the Lushan earthquake in China. The results indicated that our method can efficiently estimate the amount of the damages and complement existing work on only automatic extracting damaged buildings from VHR images.     

Histological change and heat shock protein 70 expression in different tissues of Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus in response to elevated temperature

High temperature influences the homeostasis of fish.We investigated the effects of elevated temperature on tissues of Japanese flounder {Paralichthys olivaceus) by analyzing the histology and heat shock protein 70(hsp70) expression of fish reared in warm conditions.In this study,temperature was increased at l±0.5℃/day starting at 24±0.5℃,and was kept at that temperature for 5 days before the next rise.After raising temperature at the rate up to 32±0.5℃,tissue samples from midgut,spleen,stomach,liver,muscle,gill,heart,trunk kidney and brain were collected for histological analysis and mRNA assay.Almost all the tissues showed changes in morphological structure and hsp70 level at 32±0.5℃.Histological assessment of the tissues indicated that the gill had the most serious damage,including highly severe epithelial lifting and edema,curved tips and hyperemia at the ending of the lamellars,desquamation and necrosis.The next most severe damage was found in liver and kidney.The hsp70 levels in all the tissues first increased and then decreased.The gut,stomach,muscle,heart,and brain had the highest expressions in 6 h,whereas the spleen,liver,gill and kidney had the highest expressions in 2 h.Therefore,tissues with the most significant lesions(especially gill and liver) responded much earlier(2 h) in hsp70 expression than other tissues,and these tissues demonstrated the most marked histological disruption and elevated mRNA levels,making them ideal candidates for further studies on the thermal physiology of this species.     

Polygonal Clustering Analysis Using Multilevel Graph‐Partition

Existing methods of spatial data clustering have focused on point data, whose similarity can be easily defined. Due to the complex shapes and alignments of polygons, the similarity between non‐overlapping polygons is important to cluster polygons. This study attempts to present an efficient method to discover clustering patterns of polygons by incorporating spatial cognition principles and multilevel graph partition. Based on spatial cognition on spatial similarity of polygons, four new similarity criteria (i.e. the distance, connectivity, size and shape) are developed to measure the similarity between polygons, and used to visually distinguish those polygons belonging to the same clusters from those to different clusters. The clustering method with multilevel graph‐partition first coarsens the graph of polygons at multiple levels, using the four defined similarities to find clusters with maximum similarity among polygons in the same clusters, then refines the obtained clusters by keeping minimum similarity between different clusters. The presented method is a general algorithm for discovering clustering patterns of polygons and can satisfy various demands by changing the weights of distance, connectivity, size and shape in spatial similarity. The presented method is tested by clustering residential areas and buildings, and the results demonstrate its usefulness and universality.     

西藏仲巴微地体中新世马莜木富钾埃达克质岩及其内暗色微粒包体的成因

西藏南部的中新世含暗色微粒包体的富钾埃达克质岩被认为是之前的大陆地壳在石榴子石稳定压力下发生部分熔融的熔体与同时期的幔源超钾质火山岩发生岩浆混合或混杂的产物。为检验这一观点,本文对雅鲁藏布江缝合带西段仲巴微地体内的中新世马莜木富钾埃达克质岩及其内的暗色微粒包体开展了岩石学、锆石U-Pb定年、矿物电子探针分析以及全岩主微量元素和Sr-Nd同位素测试等方面的工作。结果显示暗色微粒包体和富钾埃达克质岩具有相似的结晶年龄(～17.5 Ma)、矿物组合(石英+长石+角闪石+黑云母)和矿物成分,但暗色微粒包体比富钾埃达克质岩含更多的角闪石和黑云母,且具有比富钾埃达克质岩低的K₂O和SiO₂以及高的MgO、TiO₂和P₂O₅含量。除此之外,富钾埃达克质岩和暗色微粒包体还表现出相似的全岩Sr-Nd同位素组成：富钾埃达克质岩的(⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr)_i和ε_Nd(t)值分别为0.70933～0.70950和-8....     

基于拓扑关系的不确定区域方向关系推理

利用宽边界区域对多种来源的不确定性数据建模,用确定区域的拓扑和方向关系组合描述不确定区域的拓扑和方向关系。根据拓扑关系和方向关系间内在规律,直接从不确定区域的拓扑符号描述中推理出方向关系的符号描述,是对已有推理方法的有益补充。