如何在湖北省地震网络系统中架构VPDN平台

湖北省地震系统约有100个站点需要利用无线网络系统进行信息传输,前期是利用自建的VPN网络,其传输速度受互联网的影响较大,传输速度较慢,甚至出现不能对仪器进行实时监控、数据不能按时收取、无法按时向国家台网中心报送数据的情况。而目前湖北省地震网络系统业务的拓展,需要进一步完善覆盖全省的数据传输网络,用于承载前兆无人职守系统、流动测震系统和移动办公系统。鉴于上述情况,湖北省地震信息网络部门通过分析各分支点所处的地理位置及数据传输的要求,最终使用中国电信的无线VPDN业务,组建湖北省地震数据监测VPDN网络系统。从而满足了数据传输的安全性、观测数据上报的安全性和地震分析预报的及时性要求。     

Social construction functions of consumption space under stratification: The case of Guangzhou

As Chinese cities rapidly transformed themselves into consumerist societies, the relationship between consumers and consumption space under stratification has become a new research area in the field of urban social geography. Based on a consumer behavior analysis, this study explores the relationship between consumption space and the social strata of consumers in typical shopping malls in Guangzhou where the first shopping mall in China was built. The result shows that shopping malls have performed significant constructive functions of organizing consumers from different social classes into different consumption space. For middle- and upper-class consumers, the function of shopping malls centers on utilitarian consumption, identity recognition, and identity construction; whereas for lower-class consumers, its function revolves around pleasure and enjoyment. The symbolism of consumption space is the underlying reason for shopping malls to have their social constructive function. The findings of this research suggest that: 1) a shopping mall is a productive consumption space and a geographical space with subjectivity; 2) the micro-location of a shopping mall has social construction function; and 3) symbolic consumption is the core of social construction.     

Chemical characteristics and environmental significance of fresh snow deposition on Urumqi Glacier No. 1 of Tianshan Mountains, China

Ice and snow chemistry of alpine glaciers is crucial for the research of regional atmospheric environment change. Fresh snow samples were weekly collected from Urumqi Glacier No.1 in the Tianshan Mountains, Xin- jiang, China, and the chemical characteristics and seasonal variations of major ions, mineral dust, δ18O and trace metals were measured. Results show that the concentrations of major ions in the snow are Ca2+ SO42- NH4+ NO3- Cl- Na+ Mg2+ K+, in which Ca2+ is the dominant cation, and SO42-is the dominant anion. All major ions have close positive correlations with each other except NO3-. δ18O shows positive correlation with air temperature change during the study period. Mineral dust particle and major ionic concentrations in fresh snow have obvious seasonal change, with high concentration in spring but low concentration in summer and autumn, which indicates that the chemical mass input from Asian dust activity to snow is very significant. Temporal changes of trace metals in fresh snow, e.g., Cd, Pb, Zn, Al, Fe, have shown that human-induced pollution of central Asian region also has large contribution to the snow chemistry on alpine glaciers of the Tianshan Mountains.     

Progress in application of MODIS for remote sensing in Polar Regions

The remote sensing technique is widely used in Polar Regions, and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiomete (MODIS) is one of the most important satellite sensors in the domain of remote sensing. In this article, MODIS sensor, including the information of its satellites, its system constitutes, its hardware characteristic, its large spectra and usual applications are briefly introduced first. Then, there is a particular introduction of MODIS's use in Polar Regions, which refers to the polar physiognomy, polar atmosphere and polar ocean, with citing many examples. At last, views about the development of MODIS and its series sensors in the future, including the improved applications in Polar Regions are given.     

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中国汽车空调行业HFC-134a需求和排放预测

 近年来HFC-134a作为中国汽车空调行业CFC-12制冷剂最主要的替代品,其消费量增长迅速,是中国消费量最大的HFCs（氢氟烃类物质）。以2005年为基线,通过制冷剂替代、技术进步、熟练操作和政策控制等情景假设,预测了中国汽车空调行业HFC-134a的需求量及排放量。结果表明：到2010和2015年,汽车空调HFC-134a的消费量将分别接近2.0万和3.5万t,排放量将分别接近1.6万和3.0万t,约折合排放21.0 和39.0 Mt CO₂当量。上述排放相对基线情景（即维持当前政策措施和不开展回收活动）,2010年和2015年减排温室气体分别为6.7 和13.0 Mt CO₂当量。     

Puzzling Origin of CEMP-r/s Stars: An Interpretation of Abundance and Enrichment of s- and r-Process Elements from Asymptotic Giant Branch Supernovae

CEMP-r/s stars at low metallicity are known as double-enhanced stars that show enhancements of both r-process and s-process elements. The chemical abundances of these very metal-poor stars provide us a lot of information for putting new restraints on models of neutron-capture processes. In this article, we put forward an accreted scenario in which the double enrichment of r-process and s-process elements is caused by a former intermediate-mass Asymptotic Giant Branch (AGB) companion in a detached binary system. As the AGB superwind is only present at the ultimate phase of AGB stars, there is thus a lot of potential that the degenerate-core mass of an intermediate-mass AGB star reaches the Chandrasekhar limit before the AGB superwind. In these circumstances, both s-process elements produced in the AGB shell and r-process elements synthesized in the subsequent explosion would be sprayed contemporaneously and accreted by its companion. Despite similarity to physical conditions of a core-collapse supernova, a major focus in this scenario is the degenerate C–O core surrounded by an envelope of a former intermediate-mass AGB donor that may collapse and explode. Due to the existence of an outer envelope, r-process nucleosynthesis is expected to occur. Hypothesizing the material-rich europium (Eu) accreted by the secondary via the wind from the supernova to be in proportion to the geometric fraction of the companion with respect to the exploding donor star, we find that the estimated yield of Eu (as representative of r-process elements) per AGB supernova event is about 1 × 10^?9 M _⊙ ～ 5 × 10^?9 M _⊙. Using the yields of Eu, the overabundance of r-process elements in CEMP-r/s stars can be accounted for. The calculated results show that the value of parameter f , standing for efficiency of wind pollution from the AGB supernova, will reach about 10⁴, which means that the enhanced factor is much larger than unity due to the impact of gravity of the donor and the result of the gravitational focusing effect of the companion.     

Venus Express observations of ULF and ELF waves in the Venus ionosphere: Wave properties and sources

Electrical activity in a planetary atmosphere enables chemical reactions that are not possible under conditions of local thermodynamic equilibrium. In both the Venus and terrestrial atmospheres, lightning forms nitric oxide. Despite the existence of an inventory of NO at Venus like the Earth’s, and despite observations of the signals expected from lightning at optical, VLF, and ELF frequencies, the existence of Venus lightning still is met with some skepticism. The Venus Express mission was equipped with a fluxgate magnetometer gradiometer system sampling at rates as high as 128 Hz, and making measurements as low as 200 km altitude above the north polar regions of Venus. However, significant noise levels are present on the Venus Express spacecraft. Cleaning techniques have been developed to remove spacecraft interference at DC, ULF, and ELF frequencies, revealing two types of electromagnetic waves, a transverse right-handed guided mode, and a linearly polarized compressional mode. The propagation of both types of signals is sensitive to the magnetic field in ways consistent with propagation from a distant source to the spacecraft. The linearly polarized compressional waves generally are at lower frequencies than the right-handed transverse waves. They appear to be crossing the usually horizontal magnetic field. At higher frequencies above the lower hybrid frequency, waves cannot enter the ionosphere from below when the field is horizontal. The arrival of signals at the spacecraft is controlled by the orientation of the magnetic field. When the field dips into the atmosphere, the higher frequency guided mode above the lower hybrid frequency can enter the ionosphere by propagating along the magnetic field in the whistler mode. These properties are illustrated with examples from five orbits during Venus Express’ first year in orbit. These properties observed are consistent with the linearly polarized compressional waves being produced at the solar wind interface and the transverse guided waves being produced in the atmosphere.     

广西人工影响天气云系模式预报效果检验

对广西人工影响天气云系模式预报中的柱云水量、柱过冷云水量和云顶温度3种产品进行了预报效果检验,检验结果表明:这3种模式产品对百色、南宁的预报正确率在45%～65%之间,对其它地区的预报正确率则在45%以下;柱过冷云水量预报的正确率最高,平均达到53%左右,其余2种产品平均正确率在35%左右;模式预报检验结果没有出现明显的季节差异.     

鄂尔多斯盆地陕北斜坡延长区块储层流体识别

延长油田区块位于鄂尔多斯盆地陕北斜坡东部延安单斜的中间部位,为研究天然气储层及储层中高含气分布区,2008年在延长油田区块内完成三维地震勘探344km2。本文对三维地震资料应用吸收系数、频谱分解、振幅衰减等地震属性进行流体识别试验。试验结果表明振幅衰减对含气层段异常响应相对敏感,吸收系数对高含气层段有一定反映。利用天然气储层各层段振幅衰减极大值,参考吸收系数剖面的高值层段,分析预测了三维区块含气概率高的平面分布区,2009年在预测的含气概率高分布区进行了探井验证,取得了比较理想的效果。