沙子口湾海岸侵蚀原因及防治对策研究

通过实测水文资料、岸滩冲淤变化规律和泥沙动态研究沙子口湾近３０ａ来的变化,分析湾顶海滩侵蚀的原因,对现有的海岸工程进行调查,研究海岸防护对策,分析海岸防护工程的可行性。     

反射光谱技术:研究南极企鹅古生态演化的一种新方法

为探求快速、廉价、无损和同步的光谱技术在南极生态环境研究中的可能性,本文利用南极阿德雷岛的四根企鹅粪土沉积柱样品的反射光谱,通过逐步多元线性回归和主成分回归两种数学运算方法,建立了反射光谱数据与企鹅粪九种标型元素浓度之间的关系,并探讨了南极企鹅粪土沉积物光谱数据的古生态意义。结果表明:南极粪土沉积样品反射率光谱与企鹅粪九种标型元素(P、Ca、Cu、F、Ba、S、Zn、Sr、Se)含量之间存在良好的相关性,预测值与实测值之间的相关系数R都达到了0.9以上,在深度剖面上预测浓度与实测浓度具有非常一致的变化趋势;南极粪土沉积物光谱数据包含有明确的古生态变化信息,可利用主成分分析快速恢复历史时期企鹅数量演化过程。本研究结果为在偏远的南极地区开展古生态环境研究提供了一种新的快捷方法和技术途径。     

Characteristics of coseismic water level changes at Tangshan well for the Wenchuan MS8.0 earthquake and its larger aftershocks

Coseismic water level changes which may have been induced by the Wenchuan M_S8.0 earthquake and its 15 larger aftershocks (M_S≥?5.4) have been observed at Tangshan well. We analyze the correlation between coseismic parameters (maximum amplitude, duration, coseismic step and the time when the coseismic reach its maximum amplitude) and earthquake parameters (magnitude, well-epicenter distance and depth), and then compare the time when the coseismic oscillation reaches its maximum amplitude with the seismogram from Douhe seismic station which is about 16.3 km away from Tangshan well. The analysis indicates that magnitude is the main factor influencing the induced coseismic water level changes, and that the well-epicenter distance and depth have less influence. M_S magnitude has the strongest correlation with the coseismic water level changes comparing to M_W and M_L magnitudes. There exists strong correlation between the maximum amplitude, step size and the oscillation duration. The water level oscillation and step are both caused by dynamic strain sourcing from seismic waves. Most of the times when the oscillations reach their maximum amplitudes are between S and Rayleigh waves. The coseismic water level changes are due to the co-effect of seismic waves and hydro-geological environments.     

盾构隧道局部长期渗水对隧道变形及地表沉降的影响分析

研究表明,盾构隧道长期渗水会造成地表及隧道严重沉降。针对盾构隧道局部渗流难以模拟的现状,首先提出了一种既符合盾构隧道刚度要求又能实现局部接头渗水的计算方法;在稳定渗流状态对应的相同渗流量的前提下,对比分析了管片在不同接头渗水条件下隧道周围土体孔压分布、地表和隧道沉降以及隧道变形规律。分析结果表明,盾构隧道渗水接头的位置不同,孔压分布、地表和隧道沉降以及隧道的变形均有明显差异;接头位置越靠近隧道底部,渗水导致的孔压减小越显著,造成的地表及隧道沉降越显著。接头渗水不但会使隧道发生横向椭圆化变形,还会引起隧道左右两侧受力不平衡,从而造成隧道水平侧移。通过对比表明,采用接头渗水和传统的衬砌均质渗水得到的孔压分布、沉降及隧道变形规律均有显著不同;不考虑隧道局部渗水特点会对隧道结构长期性态的认识产生偏差。     

不同砾石覆盖度戈壁床面风蚀速率定量模拟

通过风洞实验,利用称重传感器自动记录风蚀观测样方重量变化过程,对供沙条件下不同砾石覆盖度戈壁床面风蚀速率进行了定量模拟研究。结果表明:砾石覆盖度是影响戈壁风蚀速率的关键因子,戈壁床面风蚀速率随砾石覆盖度增加按指数规律递减。各实验风速下,砾石覆盖度>50%时,戈壁床面风蚀速率随砾石覆盖度增加而减小量有限,甚至无风蚀发生;而盖度从10%到50%时,风蚀速率显著减小。因此,两种实验粒径砾石(3 cm与4 cm)至少在50%盖度时才能达到较好的风蚀防治效果。戈壁风蚀防护机理主要是砾石覆盖度的增加增大了砾石间沙粒的临界起动剪切风速,而且减少了作用在砾石间可蚀地表的剪切压。与沙质对照床面相比,10%~90%砾石盖度戈壁床面沙粒临界起动剪切风速增大了0.8~3.4倍,只有0.5％~28%的剪切压作用在砾石间可蚀地表。     

Remote Sensing Inversion for Simulation of Soil Salinization Based on Hyperspectral Data and Ground Analysis in Yinchuan,China

The Pingluo area, as an experimental study area in Yinchuan, has been subjected to major environmental degradation due to soil salinization problems. Soil salinization is one of the main problems of land degradation in arid and semiarid regions. In the present study, remote sensing was integrated with mathematical modeling to evaluate soil salinization adequately. To detect soil salinization, soil water content and electrical conductivity of soil samples were analyzed. The reflectance of soil samples was measured using a spectrometer (SR-3500) with 1024 bands. Indices of soil salinity, vegetation and drought were analyzed using Landsat images over the study area. Based on Landsat images, physicochemical analysis, reflectance of sensitive bands for soil salinization and environmental indices, canopy response salinity index (CRSI), perpendicular drought index (PDI) and enhanced normalized difference vegetation index (ENDVI), a new model was established for simulation and prediction of soil salinization in the study area. Correlation analyses and multiple regression methods were used to construct an accurate model. The results showed that green, blue and near-infrared light was significantly correlated with soil salinity and that the spectral parameters improved this correlation significantly. Therefore, the model was more effective when combining spectral parameters with sensitive bands with modeling. After mathematical transformation of soil reflectance, the correlations of bands sensitive to soil salinization were 0.739 and 0.7 for electrical conductivity and water content, respectively. After transformation of vegetation reflectance, the correlation coefficient of soil salinity became 0.577. After inversion of the model based on soil hyperspectral and water content, the significance became 0.871 and 0.726, respectively, which can be used to predict soil salinity and water content. The spectral soil salinity model had a coefficient of 0.739 for soil salinity prediction. Among the salinity indices, the CRSI was selected as the most significant, with R² of 0.571, whereas the R² for PDI reached only 0.484. Among the vegetation indices, the ENDVI had the highest response to soil salinity, with R² of 0.577. After scale conversion, the correlation percentages between CRSI and measured soil salinity and between ENDVI and measured soil salinity increased to 16.2% and 8.5%, respectively. Following the correlation between PDI and soil water content, the percentage of correlation increased to 11.6%. The integration of hyperspectral remote sensing, ground methods and an inversion method for salinity is a very important and effective technique for rapid and nondestructive monitoring of soil salinization.

     

长江中下游地区铜矿体综合找矿模型

本文在收集研究长江中下游地区主要铜矿床的发现和勘查过程、矿床地质特征、物化探异常特征、勘查方法等大量资料的基础上,对矿体特征进行了归纳,提出了将长江中下游主要铜矿体划分为二型四式的矿体类型划分方案。分别建立了四种类型铜矿体的找矿模型,并建立了铜矿体综合找矿模型。     

台湾海峡隧道工程的若干工程地质问题与选线方案探讨

对台湾海峡的地质状况了进行了分析，作者认为，台湾海峡的工程地质条件复杂，地震、活动断裂、岩土体稳定性、海底底床活动性等是隧道工程将遇到的主要工程地质问题。隧道的线路选择应进行全面、深入的技术、经济比较。平潭至新竹和厦门经澎湖至嘉义海滨是两个可选的隧道线路方案。     

广东北部碎斑熔岩加里东期锆石SHRIMP 年龄的首获及其地质意义

赣南- 粤北燕山期火山岩较为发育,并可分为下、中、上三个不同时期的火山岩系,但分布于粤北司前-赣南南迳 一带的火山岩一直缺乏可靠的同位素年龄。河口破火山口构造碎斑熔岩的锆石具有清晰的震荡环带,Th/U 比值高,属典型 的岩浆成因锆石。锆石SHRIMP U-Pb 测年结果显示,14 颗锆石15 个测点的年龄变化范围较小,为410~473 Ma,加权平均 年龄为（443.6±5.4）Ma,MSWD 为1.3,代表了碎斑熔岩的成岩年龄。根据国际地层表,河口破火山口构造碎斑熔岩形成 于晚奥陶世末期-早志留世初期,属加里东期火山活动的产物。河口破火山口构造碎斑熔岩加里东期锆石SHRIMP U-Pb 年 龄的首获,证明司前-南迳一带存在加里东期火山岩,这为赣南-粤北加里东期岩浆作用和花岗岩型铀矿成因的研究提供 了新的窗口。     

风积砂质高浓度胶凝充填材料性能与粉煤灰掺量关系分析

充填材料是决定煤炭充填开采效益、效率、效果的最主要因素。为了掌握风积砂质高浓度胶凝充填材料的性能变化规律,本文以粉煤灰的质量掺入比作为变量,试验研究和理论分析了粉煤灰对该充填材料性能的影响规律。结果表明,粉煤灰的适量添加可以提高充填材料的强度,大掺量导致强度相对降低; 泌水率随着粉煤灰掺量的增大总体上呈减小趋势,较大掺量试样泌水速率相对较低; 分层度随着粉煤灰掺量的增大线性降低; 凝结时间随着粉煤灰掺量增大呈现指数增大; 坍落度总体上随粉煤灰掺量的升高而增大,但大掺量会使其出现相对降低。分析认为,适量粉煤灰的掺入,使风积砂质高浓度胶凝充填材料的颗粒粒度、水分分布和水泥分散均匀,而使材料的强度和输送性能适度改变,但掺量过大会稀释胶结料和改变颗粒相对级配而导致性能下降。