Investigation on semi-direct and indirect climate effects of fossil fuel black carbon aerosol over China

A Regional Climate Chemistry Modeling System that employed empirical parameterizations of aerosol-cloud microphysics was applied to investigate the spatial distribution, radiative forcing (RF), and climate effects of black carbon (BC) over China. Results showed high levels of BC in Southwest, Central, and East China, with maximum surface concentrations, column burden, and optical depth (AOD) up to 14 μg?m^?3, 8 mg?m^?2, and 0.11, respectively. Black carbon was found to result in a positive RF at the top of the atmosphere (TOA) due to its direct effect while a negative RF due to its indirect effect. The regional-averaged direct and indirect RF of BC in China was about +0.81 and ?0.95 W?m^?2, respectively, leading to a net RF of ?0.15 W?m^?2 at the TOA. The BC indirect RF was larger than its direct RF in South China. Due to BC absorption of solar radiation, cloudiness was decreased by 1.33 %, further resulting in an increase of solar radiation and subsequently a surface warming over most parts of China, which was opposite to BC’s indirect effect. Further, the net effect of BC might cause a decrease of precipitation of ?7.39 % over China. Investigations also suggested large uncertainties and non-linearity in BC’s indirect effect on regional climate. Results suggested that: (a) changes in cloud cover might be more affected by BC’s direct effect, while changes in surface air temperature and precipitation might be influenced by BC’s indirect effect; and (b) BC second indirect effect might have more influence on cloud cover and water content compared to first indirect effect. This study highlighted a substantial role of BC on regional climate changes.     

隆林县石漠化地区发展金银花种植气候适应性分析

以隆林县石漠化地区的气候条件为依据,采用比较分析方法,对金银花的气候生态规律和环境因子对金银花生长、产量的影响进行分析,找出其影响的气候指标。结果表明,隆林县石漠化地区金银花生长条件较好,西北部山区和南部高寒山区为适宜区,其它区域仅为次适宜区,为石漠化地区发展金银花种植提供气候依据。     

济南市一次持续大雾过程分析

利用常规气象观测资料对2007年12月20-23日济南市一次持续大雾天气过程的大尺度天气背景、地面气压场、温度对数压力图以及单站气象要素进行了分析,结果表明:雾是在稳定的大气层结下出现的天气现象,根据大气稳定层结的状况及变化,可以判断大雾天气的有无及生消时间;近地面逆温和低空逆温同时存在,表明大气层结非常稳定,近地面逆温有利于近地面层水汽积累,低空逆温使近地面层水汽不易扩散而聚集,有利于近地面层维持潮湿,持续几天出现大雾;连续几天大气层结都处于稳定状态,地面风力很小,这些都限制了近地面层的水汽向外耗散,底层相对湿度较大,为大雾的形成提供了充沛的水汽条件.     

南昌市城区暴雨积水的数值模拟

论述了南昌市城市暴雨积水仿真系统的数学原理和开发成果,并应用实况降水对该系统的模拟精度进行测试。结果表明:大多数(62.6%)模拟计算结果的绝对误差在10 cm以内,只有极少数(2.4%)实际积水与模拟结果的误差超过30 cm。暴雨积水等级试验结果表明,中度以上暴雨积水地段的预报准确率达98%,轻度积水和无积水地段的预报准确率达92%。总体来看,暴雨积水趋势(等级)预报基本准确,定量(积水深度)预报有误差,平均相对误差为6%,模型的预测结果与实况基本相符。通过人工给定不同强度的雨量来模拟南昌市两个重点积水地段的积水过程,得到结论:当降水强度达到20 mm/h时,开始产生积水,降水强度超过30 mm/h时将产生严重积水;两个积水点因排水条件不一样,退水时间差异较大。排水条件差的地段,中—大雨需要15 h退完,暴雨需要24 h以上才能退完;在不同降水强度和排水条件下,最大积水深度出现的时间有明显区别;在暴雨情况下,绝大部分(76%)积水点的最大积水深度出现在2~3 h内。此外,讨论了模拟误差产生的原因。     

不同闪电跃增算法在北京地区应用效果对比

基于S波段多普勒天气雷达基数据、北京闪电定位网全闪定位数据和北京地区降雹的人工观测结果,对比分析Gatlin和σ两种闪电跃增算法在不同配置下对北京地区2015—2018年共177次冰雹天气过程的预警效果。结果表明：不同倍数的σ算法预警结果差别很大,2σ（要求当前闪电频数变化率超过之前平均闪电频数变化率两倍标准差）在σ算法中的预警效果最佳;不同N（总闪频数变化率的数量）配置下的Gatlin算法的预警结果差别不大,其中当N=6时的预警效果最佳。2σ算法的命中率、虚警率和临界成功指数分别为80.2%,41.6%和51.1%,N=6的Gatlin算法的相应结果分别为82.5%,62.0%和35.2%。另外,详细分析了一次多单体雷暴过程和一次飑线过程中两种算法的应用情况,结果也表明Gatlin算法比2σ算法的命中率略高,但虚警率偏高很多,临界成功指数偏低。综合Gatlin算法和σ算法对冰雹预报结果评估情况,发现2σ闪电跃增算法更适于对北京冰雹天气的预警,对提升闪电数据在北京地区冰雹预报业务的可用度有一定参考价值。     

贺兰山东麓极端暴雨的中尺度特征

利用近10年宁夏逐时自动气象站降水、银川CD雷达、FY-2、探空和ECMWF再分析0.125°x 0.125°等高分辨率多源气象资料,在中尺度系统分型基础上,对比分析贺兰山东麓6次极端暴雨的中尺度特征.结果表明:(1)低空偏(东)南急流夜间增强并配合贺兰山地形,在东坡山前触发或增强了暴雨中小尺度系统,造成地形处降水增幅...     

EXPERIMENTAL APPLICATION OF A THINNING SCHEME FOR THE ASSIMILATION OF SURFACE OBSERVATION DATA IN GRAPES-3DVAR

To reduce the spatial correlation of representation error in observations and computational complexity, we propose a thinning scheme that can extract typical observations within a certain range. This scheme is applied to the Global/Regional Assimilation and Prediction System (GRAPES) with three-dimensional variation (3DVAR) to study the effect of the thinning radius on the assimilation results. The assimilation experiments indicate that when the ratio of the model resolution to the observational resolution is 1:3, the simulated results for precipitation are relatively good and have a relatively high equitable threat score (ETS). Moreover, the analysis errors in the temperature and the specific humidity are the smallest, the dependence of the norm gradient vector of the objective function on the number of iterations is slow, gentle, and close to 0, and the minimization results in improved conditions.     

上海市月降尘量与气象因子间关系研究

本文利用上海市1993～2003年月降尘量和同期气象资料，运用统计学方法和图表说明、物理解释相结合的方法，研究了降尘量的年、月际变化，表明：降尘量的年际变化存在明显的下降趋势；降尘量月际变化的高值出现在春、夏季月份，与北方燃煤量大的城市差别较大。同时更为详细地研究了降尘量和气象条件之间的关系，结果表明：风向、风速频率和雨日数是影响降尘量的主要气象因子，而温度、湿度对降尘量没有明显的影响，并简要说明了影响机制，解释了年、月际变化。     

黄河中下游地区旱涝分型及突变的初步分析

采用CEOF(复经验正交函数)对黄河中下游地区15个代表站点近500年来的旱涝等级指数分析结果表明,历史时期本地区的旱涝分布特点可用三种分布型表征:平均型、东西反相型和南北反相型,对上述三种旱涝分布型的时间振幅,应用Mann-Kendall方法进行突变检验,可以发现平均型和东西反相型近500年来发生旱涝突变,而南北反相型则相对比较稳定。