Jacobian matrix for near-infrared remote sensing based on vector radiative transfer model

Due to the polarization effects of the Earth's surface reflection and atmospheric particles' scattering, high-precision retrieval of atmospheric parameters from near-infrared satellite data requires accurate vector atmospheric radiative transfer simulations. This paper presents a near-infrared vector radiative transfer model based on the doubling and adding method. This new model utilizes approximate calculations of the atmospheric transmittance, reflection, and solar scattering radiance for a finitely thin atmospheric layer. To verify its accuracy, the results for four typical scenarios(single molecular layer with Rayleigh scattering, single aerosol layer scattering, multi-layer Rayleigh scattering, and true atmospheric with multi-layer molecular absorption, Rayleigh and aerosol scattering) were compared with benchmarks from a well-known model. The comparison revealed an excellent agreement between the results and the reference data, with accuracy within a few thousandths. Besides, to fulfill the retrieval algorithm, a numerical differentiation-based Jacobian calculation method is developed for the atmospheric and surface parameters. This is coupled with the adding and doubling process for the radiative transfer calculation. The Jacobian matrix produced by the new algorithm is evaluated by comparison with that from the perturbation method. The relative Jacobian matrix deviations between the two methods are within a few thousandths for carbon dioxide and less than 1.0×10~(-3)% for aerosol optical depth. The two methods are consistent for surface albedo, with a deviation below 2.03×10~(-4)%. All validation results suggest that the accuracy of the proposed radiative transfer model is suitable for inversion applications. This model exhibits the potential for simulating near-infrared measurements of greenhouse gas monitoring instruments.     

高地应力V级围岩相似材料研制及岩体开挖卸载模型试验分析

以黄土、砂为骨料,石膏、水泥为胶结材料,水为调节剂,以正交试验方法配制出V级围岩相似材料,该材料能够很好的模拟隧道Ⅴ级软弱围岩。在此基础上,以钢筒模型试验为媒介,通过千斤顶配合反力架加载,观察不同材料配比下的试验组应力变化斜率、自稳时间、应变大小等方面的差异,结合加载完成后模型开口处岩体变化情况,探索高地应力下Ⅴ级围岩开挖卸载效应。试验结果表明:虽然相似材料会因配比不同改变物理力学性质,但主要是对弹性模量的影响较大;在增大垂直压力作用下,试验中材料自稳时间变长,应力释放也较为彻底,但整体趋势放缓。     

Coherence algorithm with a high-resolution time–time transform and feature matrix for seismic data

Traditional coherence algorithms are often based on the assumption that seismic traces are stationary and Gaussian. However, seismic traces are actually non-stationary and non-Gaussian. A constant time window and the canonical correlation analysis in traditional coherence algorithms are not optimal for non-stationary seismic traces and cannot describe the similarity between adjacent seismic traces in detail. To overcome this problem, a new coherence algorithm using the high-resolution time–time transform and the feature matrix is designed. The high-resolution time–time transform used to replace the constant time window can produce a frequency-dependent time local series to analyse non-stationary seismic traces. The feature matrix, constructed by the frequency-dependent time local series and the related local gradients, defines a new correlation metric that enhances more details of the geological discontinuities in seismic images than does the canonical correlation analysis. Additionally, the Riemannian metric is introduced for related calculations because the feature matrices are not defined in a Euclidean space but rather in a manifold space. Application to field data illustrates that the proposed method reveals more details of structural and stratigraphic features.     

豫01井水位异常与地震的关系分析

针对2018年青海德令哈台尕海井水位破年变异常,系统梳理和分析该井相关资料,发现该井两套水位仪运行稳定、数据一致性非常好,而这段时期异常与降雨和气压不相关,以及井孔附近地区的视应力值较高,表明该地区地壳应力水平进一步增强。利用水位变幅、去趋势和一阶差分分析,结果显示,该项异常信度较高,反映该区域构造活动信息,是周边两次中等强度地震的共同前兆,属于中短期异常。     

三轴实验中斜向摩擦面积、应力的修正法

采用圆形含斜向破裂面样品进行三轴摩擦实验时 ,由于摩擦面的实际接触面积随轴向位移而逐渐减小 ,使得记录到的应力 -应变曲线产生失真。给出了修正方法 ,以获得真正加载在样品两端和摩擦面上的应力值     

云南地震前兆与短临预报

在云南地区近３０年前兆观测及其地震预测预报研究与实践的基础上,从映震效能的角度对云南地区的前兆观测进行了一次系统研究,从６４个前兆台站１６８个观测 ,优选出了２０个具有较好映震效能的前兆台项。它们初步构成对云南地区地震进行”时、空、强“预测的骨干前兆指标群。     

高分辨率地震成像研究--21世纪地震学发展的一个重要趋势

随着宽频带地震观测技术的不断发展,全球及区域数字地震观测台网的密度正在不断加大,用于流动地震观测的宽频带地震仪的数量将继续迅速增加。与此同时,宽频带数字地震观测资料的积累速率按指数增长,这意味着震源波裂过程及地球内部结构的高分辨率地震成像研究将成为２１世纪地震学发展的重要趋势。地震学与地球动力学研究的关系将日趋紧密,宽频带流动地震观测的作用和重要性必将与日俱增。     

潜在震源区震级上限对基岩加速度反应谱特征周期的影响

地震学理论和强震观测者表明,强震反应谱在形状主要取决于震级、震中距和场地条件。由于我国现行的各种行业建筑物抗震设计规范中对标准加速度反应谱特征周期Ｔｇ作出的规定中一般只考虑场地和震中距的影响或只考虑场地影响,因此在某些情况下,由规范所得到的反应谱特征周期与由专门的地震危险性分析所得到的结果相差较大。本文通过理论分析和实际的算例,讨论了潜在震源区震级上限对基岩加速度反应谱特征周期的影响。所得到的结论     

京西北地区近震波速、平均波速比及地壳厚度的测定

本文选取原台ＤＤ－２型地震仪在１９９８－１９９９年间记录清晰、可靠的５０次张北地震和记录到Ｐｎ震相的２５次地震资料。通过计算,得到京西北地区直达波的平均传播速度为：Ｖｐｇ＝５．９９ｋｍ／ｓ,Ｖｓｇ＝３．４７ｋｍ／ｓ,平均波速比Ｖｐｇ／Ｖｓｇ＝１．７３,京西北地区的地壳厚度为４１Ｋｍ。     

对常用分裂剪切波识别方法之间的相关性和误差定量评估方法的研究

根据剪切波在各向异性介质中传播特性的理论研究结果,对几种分裂剪切波震相识别方法的相关性进行了理论探讨。在假定噪声和有用信号数据的方差近似于服从正态分布的前提下,给出了客观估计分裂剪切波震相及其可信度的方法。为了说明方法的有效性,列举了一个含噪声的模拟信号,给出了一定信度水平上的识别结果及误差。