Breaking Criteria for Regular Waves on Gentle Slopes

Nelson pointed out that the wave breaking criterion(H/d)_b for gentle slopes(i<1/100),inwhich H is the wave height and d is the water depth at the breaking point,is smaller than that for beachslopes of i>1/100),i.e.,the value of(H/d)_b for gentle slopes may be smaller than 0.6.Goda indicatedthat the wave breaking criterion given by himself is a result based on theoretical study,so it should be alsocorrect and can be used for gentle beaches,i.e.,the value of(H/d)_b for gentle slopes may be still largerthan 0.7.By use of high order nonlinear wave theory,this problem is analyzed in this study and the reasonwhy there is a large difference between different studies is explained.Moreover,the bottom energy loss dur-ing wave propagation is considered and the critical slope for the absence of wave breaking is also analyzed.     

用NOAA卫星监测甘肃森林草原火灾

本文介绍利用ＮＯＡＡ极轨气象卫星ＡＶＨＲＲ资料监测森林草原火点的原理和方法。对甘肃省１９９２年１０月至１９９６年１２月监测到的火点进行时空统计，分析了火灾监测中可能产生的误差原因，并提出相应改进措施。     

陕南西乡寒武纪梅树村期微古生物群产出层位的地球化学特征及古环境和古气候条件研究

陕南西乡微体化石对于研究寒武纪大爆发具有非常重要的意义,前人研究大都局限于微体古生物的研究,而化石的成岩背景以及古环境研究尚属空白。因此本文通过测试主微量稀土元素及氧同位素来分析研究区的古沉积环境,在一定程度上填补了这一区域的空白。研究手段虽然在地化领域比较常见,但具有重要的参考价值。本文通过对富含小壳化石的“宽川铺段”及其上、下地层的微量元素Sr/Ba、Ni/Co、Sr/Cu、Rb/Sr、Mn/Fe等比值及主量元素、稀土元素含量、氧同位素特征的综合研究发现,研究区灯影组顶部环境为缺氧状态到宽川铺段弱氧化状态再到郭家坝组底部缺氧状态的海相沉积环境;水动力条件较弱,水体先上升后下降;上白云岩段、宽川铺段是较为温暖的气候,且比郭家坝组底部气候干旱。这对于研究该区寒武纪梅树村期的古环境和古气候变化具有重要的理论意义。     

Correlation of atmospheric visibility with chemical composition of Kaohsiung aerosols

The objective of this study was to investigate the correlation of visibility with chemical composition of Kaohsiung aerosols. Daytime visibility was observed around noon at two observation sites in metropolitan Kaohsiung, Taiwan in the years of 1999 and 2000. Both seasonal and diurnal variation patterns of visibility were observed in the region. Ambient aerosols were sampled and analyzed for 11 constituents, including water-soluble ionic species (Cl⁻, NO₃⁻, SO₄⁻², NH₄⁺, K⁺, Na⁺, Ca⁺², and Mg⁺²) and carbonaceous contents (OC, EC, and TC), to characterize the chemical composition of Kaohsiung aerosols. Furthermore, a stepwise multiple linear regression model was developed to elucidate the influence of aerosol species on visibility impairments. The results showed that sulfate was the dominant species that affected both light scattering coefficient and visibility. On average, the percentage contributions of visibility degrading species to light scattering coefficient were 29% for sulfate, 28% for nitrate, 22% for total carbon, and 21% for PM_2.5-remainder. An empirical regression model of visibility based on sulfate, nitrate, and relative humidity was also developed. The model showed that sulfate in PM_2.5 was the most sensitive species to visibility variation, suggesting that the reduction of sulfate in PM_2.5 could effectively improve the visibility of metropolitan Kaohsiung. During the investigation period, an event of Asian dusts intruded metropolitan Kaohsiung and dramatically increased the aerosol loadings, especially in the coarse particles. However, local visual air quality did not degrade accordingly during the Asian dust event because both visibility and light scattering coefficient are affected mainly by the fine particles. The results are discussed in detail in the paper.     

SEED格式STEIM2数据压缩算法在实时地震数据传输中的应用

在一定带宽内,及时、高效、无失真地传输地震数据是地震数据传输的基本要求,SEED格式给出的数据格式在数据压缩方面有其独到之处,但SEED格式没有定义数据正确性和完整性保证机制和检验方法,因而影响实时传输中的使用。本文提出一种基于SEED格式的STEIM2数据压缩算法,同EDAS数据包形式兼容的实时压缩数据包编码方法,来实现实时压缩数据的传输。经理论评估和实际数据检验,它容易实现,效率高,安全,可靠,完全可以应用于实时数据传输。     

中低渗油藏剩余油饱和度监测技术系列优化与应用

套管井剩余油饱和度监测技术是研究剩余油分布最重要的测井方法.针对研究区块中-低孔隙度、中-低渗透率、高矿化度地层水的油藏特点与饱和度监测的现状,对比研究了现有监测技术与仪器装备的性能指标,同时考虑脉冲中子、非弹性散射与地层中元素的相互作用的特性,提出了适用于这种不同油藏地质特点的剩余油饱和度监测系列优化方案.针对某区块编制了整体监测方案,并且对监测资料进行精细处理与解释.多口井实施和应用表明,该方案与应用效果良好.     

云计算在地震行业信息网络服务中的框架研究与设计

云计算是当前信息网络服务技术研究的重要领域。很多机构、企业开始关注云计算,并评估自身建设云计算平台的可能性。本文通过对云计算技术发展及应用产品的研究,讨论云计算在地震行业信息网络服务中的作用和定位。结合地震行业信息网络服务应用现状,提出中国地震台网中心数据中心私有云平台的简要设计设想,为地震行业建设自有云计算服务平台提供参考模型。     

液化场地地震反应的离散元数值模拟

采用一个描述饱和砂土中固相颗粒和液相流体耦合的离散元数值模型,固相颗粒采用离散元的颗粒流理论(PFC)模拟,液相流体通过求解平均Navier-Stokes方程的计算流体动力学(CFD)技术计算.采用上述模犁数值模拟了在地震荷载作用液化场地的加速度、剪应力、剪应变时程以及超孔隙水压力和土层表面位移的发展过程.数值模拟结果...     

Comparison of daily and sub-daily SWAT models for daily streamflow simulation in the Upper Huai River Basin of China

Despite the significant role of precipitation in the hydrological cycle, few studies have been conducted to evaluate the impacts of the temporal resolution of rainfall inputs on the performance of SWAT (soil and water assessment tool) models in large-sized river basins. In this study, both daily and hourly rainfall observations at 28 rainfall stations were used as inputs to SWAT for daily streamflow simulation in the Upper Huai River Basin. Study results have demonstrated that the SWAT model with hourly rainfall inputs performed better than the model with daily rainfall inputs in daily streamflow simulation, primarily due to its better capability of simulating peak flows during the flood season. The sub-daily SWAT model estimated that 58 % of streamflow was contributed by baseflow compared to 34 % estimated by the daily model. Using the future daily and 3-h precipitation projections under the RCP (Representative Concentration Pathways) 4.5 scenario as inputs, the sub-daily SWAT model predicted a larger amount of monthly maximum daily flow during the wet years than the daily model. The differences between the daily and sub-daily SWAT model simulation results indicated that temporal rainfall resolution could have much impact on the simulation of hydrological process, streamflow, and consequently pollutant transport by SWAT models. There is an imperative need for more studies to examine the effects of temporal rainfall resolution on the simulation of hydrological and water pollutant transport processes by SWAT in river basins of different environmental conditions.     

Metal Ion Extraction with Bipyridine Derivatives as Chelating Ligands in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide

Three fluorinated bipyridine ligands have been designed and synthesized as chelating agents for the extraction of metal ions in supercritical CO₂ (sc‐CO₂). The ligand solubilities in sc‐CO₂ were investigated at different temperatures and pressures, and the measured data have been correlated using a semiempirical model. The calculated results showed satisfactory agreement with the experimental data. Based on these data, metal ion extraction with the three compounds as chelating agents in sc‐CO₂ was performed from spiked filter paper, whereby ligand 1 showed the highest extraction efficiency, especially for Ni²⁺ and Cu²⁺. The extraction constants, K_ex, of the three chelating ligands were seen to increase with increasing extraction efficiency for the same metal ion in the same extraction system.