Arsenic associations in sediments from shallow aquifers of northwestern Hetao Basin,Inner Mongolia

Understanding the mechanism of arsenic mobilization from sediments to groundwater is important for water quality management in areas of endemic arsenic poisoning, such as the Hetao Basin in Inner Mongolia, northern China. Aquifer geochemistry was characterized at three field sites (SH, HF, TYS) in Hangjinhouqi County of northwestern Hetao Basin. The results of bulk geochemistry analysis of sediment samples indicated that total As concentrations have a range of 6.8–58.5 mg/kg, with a median of 14.4 mg/kg. The highest As concentrations were found at 15–25 m depth. In the meanwhile, the range of As concentration in the sediments from background borehole is 3–21.8 mg/kg, with a median value of 9 mg/kg. The As sediments concentrations with depth from the SH borehole were correlated with the contents of Fe, Sb, B, V, total C and total S. Generally, the abundance of elements varied with grain size, with higher concentrations in finer fractions of the sediments. Distinct lithology profile and different geochemical characteristics of aquifer sediments indicate the sediments are associated with different sources and diverse sedimentary environments. Up to one third of arsenic in the sediments could be extracted by ammonium oxalate, suggesting that Fe oxyhydroxides may be the major sink of As in the aquifer. Sequential extraction results indicate that arsenic occurs as strongly adsorbed on and/or co-precipitated with amorphous Fe oxyhydroxides in sediments accounting for 35 and 20%, respectively, of the total contents of arsenic. The release of As into groundwater may occur by desorption from the mineral surface driven by reductive dissolution of the Fe oxide minerals. Furthermore, small proportions of As associated with iron sulfides occur in the reductive sediments.     

石羊河流域极端干旱事件的时空变化特征

本文借助ArcGIS 9.2和Matlab 7.0数据软件平台,运用复值Morlet小波分析和数理统计方法对石羊河流域极端干旱事件在时空上的变化特征进行分析,结果表明:①石羊河流域的平均湿润指数自北向南逐渐增大,其湿润指数与年均降水和海拔高度具有显著正相关性(在0.01置信水平),而与年均蒸发具有显著负相关性(在0.05置信水平)。②在时间尺度上来说,极端干旱事件的频数具有19a、9a、6a、4a、15a的周期,可能是受南亚高压的准3年周期的影响;在空间尺度上来说,极端干旱事件频数与湿润指数的空间分布大体相似,略有不同是两者的最小值不同:即地表湿润指数最小值在民勤,而极端干旱事件发生频数最小值在武威。7-9月份发生极端干旱频数占年极端干旱总频数的60.62%。③年极端干旱总频数和7-9月份极端干旱总频数都呈略微上升趋势,且年极端干旱频数的线性倾向率较大,即将达到0.3/10a。通过Pettitt突变检验法对年极端干旱总频数和7-9月份极端干旱总频数进行检测,结果检验到突变点分别为2000年和1983年(在0.01置信水平)。     

Monitoring and mechanisms of ground deformation and ground fissures induced by cut-and-fill mining in the Jinchuan Mine 2, China

As an advanced mining technology, cut-and-fill mining was successfully applied in the Jinchuan Nickel Mine over 18 years until the end of 1999 when ground fissures occurred above the ore body. Since the first field investigation of the ground fissures in 2000 and the establishment of GPS monitoring network in 2001, ground deformation and damage has been continuously monitored and researched for the last 10 years. By the end of 2010, the maximum vertical displacement reached 1,720 mm and accompanied by the rapid development of ground fissures. This study considers the effects of large-scale stress adjustment and redistribution, hysteretic backfill, low strength of filling body, unfilled void space, as well as repeated mining activities concurrently caused ground deformation and ground fissures. Besides, the hysteretic mechanisms of ground response relative to the mining operations and the mechanisms of displacement variations are discussed from different perspectives. The results provide invaluable information on designing and building mines with the cut-and-fill method.     

基于语义匹配和QoS的Web服务混合选择方法

提出了一种Web服务语义匹配方法,在此基础上分析了基于语义匹配和基于QoS(服务质量)的服务选择策略,以及面向独立服务和组合服务的服务选择方法,并给出了结合语义匹配和QoS指标值的Web服务混合选择策略及算法.实例分析结果表明,该混合选择策略能针对不同的服务需求作相应的处理,增加了服务选择的正确性,提高了服务组合效率.     

5.12汶川地震堰塞湖危险性应急评估

5.12汶川地震诱发了33处堰塞湖,威胁下游居民安全。根据收集数据情况,选择堰塞湖的坝高、最大库容和坝体结构作为分级指标,建立了单个堰塞湖溃决危险性评估方法,对21个重点堰塞湖进行应急危险性评估,初步评估为1个处于极高危险、7个处于高危险、5个处于中危险、8个处于低危险。考虑同一流域堰塞湖群的联动效应,建立了流域堰塞湖危险性评估方法,相应提高部分堰塞湖的危险等级。为了方便排险安排,给出了高危险堰塞湖的危险性次序,从高到低依次有唐家山、老鹰岩、南坝、小岗剑上、肖家桥、唐家湾、罐子铺和岩羊滩。由于评估时间紧迫,最后提出了此次评估中存在的问题,并提出了改进建议。     

GNSS基准站网稳定性的误差椭圆法

我国大陆地质、地貌复杂,板块运动以及二级板块相对运动频繁,并且长时间受到大气负荷、海潮负荷以及陆地水等非构负荷因素的影响,这些都会对GPS网中测站造成点位移动,即使观测周期间隔为一个月,两期点位位移量有时仍不可忽略。该文以位于四川省的陆态网基准站和四川省CORS站网为例,使用极限误差椭圆方法对站网水平方向进行了位移显著性对比分析,并使用稳定率来表示测站位移程度,从而可直观地识别出稳定点和不稳定点;同时用数理统计的方法分析了测站高程方向的稳定性。为分析网的稳定性提供了理论基础,为挑选稳定站做永久性基准站提供了参考依据。     

IGS站的选取对陆态网解算精度的影响

当前关于IGS站选择对GPS数据解算的影响尚未有定论,讨论陆态网数据解算过程中IGS站的选取问题,简要介绍陆态网和GAMIT软件,分析IGS基准站的分布以及数量对陆态网解算精度的影响。在本文的GAMIT参数设置下,通过实验发现,进行陆态网解算时只需要加入北半球的IGS站就可使基线得到较好的U方向解算精度,而陆态网选择8个左右的IGS站较为合适。     

三峡库水位变化过程中的地壳垂直形变与重力变化监测

监测三峡库水位变化过程中的地壳垂直形变和重力变化,对三峡水库的安全运行和区域地质灾害监测防治等具有重要意义。本文从直接计算、实际测量和综合解算3个方面研究了三峡库水位变化过程中地壳垂直形变和重力变化。基于资源三号卫星影像提取的水体数据,结合水位数据,直接计算了三峡水库蓄放水从145~175m每隔5m的影响,地壳垂直形变最大可达30mm,对重力影响超过20μGal(1Gal=10~(-2) m/s~2)的范围距离长江中心线约2km内。库区较近的巴东CORS站(ES13)能够实际测量到库水位变化过程中的地壳垂直形变。由于目前三峡库区的CORS站和重力台站数量较少,分布不均,还不能满足紧密跟踪三峡库水位变化过程中的监测需求。利用三峡地区26座CORS站和部分重力台站数据,基于负荷形变理论和球谐分析方法,综合解算了库水位变化过程中的地壳垂直形变和重力变化,与实际CORS监测结果一致。通过对比分析发现,基于CORS站网的综合解算,能够有效提升对库水位变化过程中的地壳垂直形变和重力变化的监测能力。     

一种基于地理环境相似度的滑坡负样本可信度度量方法

滑坡负样本在统计型滑坡危险度制图中具有重要作用,能抑制统计模型对滑坡危险度的高估。当前滑坡负样本采样方法采集的负样本可信度未知,在负样本采样过程中,极有可能将那些潜在滑坡点错选为负样本,这些假的负样本会降低负样本集的质量和训练样本集的质量,进而影响统计模型的精度。本文基于“地理环境越相似、地理特征越相似”的地理学常识,认为与正样本有着相似地理环境的点极有可能是未来发生滑坡的点;与正样本的地理环境越不相似的点,则越有可能是负样本。基于此假设提出一种基于地理环境相似度的负样本可信度度量方法,将该方法应用于滑坡灾害频发的陇南山区油房沟流域,对油房沟进行滑坡负样本可信度评价制图;使用油房沟流域的滑坡发生初始面来验证该方法的有效性。结果发现：滑坡发生初始面上所有栅格点的负样本可信度平均值为0.26,超过95%的栅格点的负样本可信度都小于0.5,说明本文提出的负样本可信度度量方法合理。